lAlMOHimiA 586 MAJrOHUEX4
lamouSy but it includes two plains, the Liao-ho and fleet anchored at Port Arthur was attacked by Ad-
the Central Sungari. The two chief ranges are the miral Togo. The culminating point of the defence was
Hhig-ngan-ling in the west, ^nd the Ch'ang-peshan or Port ArUiur, which surrendered on 2 Jan., 1905.
6han-a-lin, the " long white mountain ", in the east. Manchuria was the field of the action between the two
The Chinese administration was reorganised by an contending armies, the chief battles being those of
Imperial Decree of 20 April, 1907» and, instead of a Liao-yanff (25 Aug.-3 Sept., 1904) between Kuropat-
Tatang-kiun (military governor), a Taung-iu (gov- kin and Oyama, ofSha-ho (9-14 Oct.), and of Mukden
emor general and imperial high commissioner) with (1-9 March, 1905). By the Treaty of Portsmouth
residence at Mukden, is placed at the head of the three both Russia and Japan agreed to evacuate simultane-
provinces. The present (1910) occupant of this office ously Manchuria, with the exception of the portion of
18 Siu ChUi-ch'ang. He is assisted by the three Siurirfu the Liao-tung pcminsula leased to Russia and surren-
(governors) of the provinces, a senior and a junior see- dered to Japan, and to retrocede the administration
retary to the government (Tso Ts'an-tsan and Yu of the province to China.
Ts'an-tsan) and conmussioners of education, of ju»- Railways. — On 8 Sept., 1896, an agreement was tioe^ for foreign affairs, for banner affairs, for internal sigoed between the Chinese Government and the affairs, of finance, for Mongolian affairs. The Eight Russo-Chinese Bank for the construction and manage- Banners (Pork'i) of the Manchu army are divided into ment of a line called the Chinese Eastern Railway, and two classes, the three superior and five inferior ban- running from one of the points on the western borders ners, distinguished by their colours: (1) Bordered of the province of Heh Lung Kiang to one of the points yellow; (2) plain yeflow; (3) plain white; (4) bor- on the eastern borders of the province of Kirin; also dered white; (5) plain red; (6) bordered red; (7) for the connexion of this railway with those branches plain blue; (8) bordered blue. There aje eight ban- which the Ixnperial Russian Government was to con- ners of each of the following nationalities: Manchu, struct to the Chinese frontier from Trans-Baikalia and Mongolian, Chinese (Han-kiun), consisting of the the Southern Usuri lines. An agreement between descendants d the natives of northern China who Russia and China with regard, to Manchuria was helped the Manchu invaders in the seventeenth cen- signed at Peking on 26 March (8 April), 1902, by turv. Each nationalitv is called Ku 9ai (Ku shan), which Russia agreed to the re-establishment of the and as each has eight banners or k'i, the whole force authority of the Chinese Government in that region, thus includes twenty-four banners. At the head of which remains an integral part of the Chinese Empire, the banners is a Chu-fang THang-kiun or general, with By the regulations for mines and railways, approved an assistant (7*«*an-tean-ta-te^'en); then come the Tu by the Emperor of China on 19 Nov., 1893, it had been T*ungt Fu Tu-tung, etc. They are ^rrisoned not stipulated that mining and railway questions in the only at Peking, but also iri various provmcial towns. three Manchurian provinces, in Shan-tung, and at History. — ^The Liao (K'i-tan) and the Kin (Niu- Lung-chou, being anected by international questions, chen), two Tatar tribes which governed northern shall not hereafter be invoked as precedents by the China from the tenth to the thirteenth century, sprang Chinese or foreign authorities. The Russian line from from Manchuria. The present imperial Manchu dy- the Lake Baikal to Vladivostok passes via H&ilar, nasty of China, the Ts'mg, comes from the Ngai-sm Tsitsihar, and Harbin, whence a line branches south- family, and is related closely to the Kiu. both being wards to Port Arthur via Ch'ang-ch'un and Mukden, descend^ from a common stock, the Su-snen of Kirin. A short line runs from Port Arthur to Dalny; another The Manchu chieftains, ancestors of the present dy- from Tashi-li-k'iao to Yinffk'ou(New-chwang); another nasty, bear the dynastic title {miao-hau)) of Chao Tsu from Liao-yang to the Yen-t'ai mines; another from Yuan, Hing Tsu Chih, King Tsu Yih, Hien Tsu Yih, Mukden to Ngantung at the mouth of the Yalu River. Hien Tsu Siuan (1683), T'ai Tsu Kao, and T'ai Tsung The Peking-Tientsin line is extended through Shan- Wen; the two last have the title of reign ornien-Aoo of hai-kwan to Sinmint'un and Mukden, and has a T'ien Ming (1616) and T'ien Tsung (1627), the latter branch line which diverges to New-chwang. Express changed in to Ts'img Teh (1636). These kings are buried trains with Pullman cars began running towards the at Mukden. The firet emperor at Peking was Shun-che end of October, 1908; a train leaves Dalny every (1644),with the dynastic title of She Tsu Chang. Dur- Monday and Friday morning, connecting with the ing the war between China and Japan, after the severe Russian express at Kwan-cheng-tze, and returning on eneagementatPingYang(16Sept., 1894) and the naval Tuesdays and Saturdays.
fight at the mouth of the Yalu River (17 Sept., 1894). Trade. — We give the revenue of the various cus- the Japanese crossed the river, entered Manchuria, ana toms districts according to the statistics of 1908, the marehed on Feng-huang-cheng and Ha!-cheng, whilst last published (1 Haikwan tael = 65 cents) : — Gross another army under tl^ command of Count Oyama value of the trade in taels: Ngantung, 6,941,986; landed at lun-chou and captured Ta-Lien-Wan and Tatungkau, 353,517; Dahiy, 32,688,186; Suifenho, Port Arthur (21 Nov., 1894). Under Article II of the 12,754,878; Manchouli, 4,078,788; New-chwang, 41,- treaty of peace signed between China and Japan at 437,041. Net value of the trade: Ngantung, 6,1^,799; Shimonoseki on 17 April, 1895, China ceded to Japan Tatungkau, 350,850; Dalny, 32,258,461; Suifenho, in perpetuity full sovereignty over the southern por- 11,985,705; Manchouli, 3,829,785; New-chwane» 41,- uon of the province of Fdng-tien, including all the 199, 027. Suifenho and Manchouli form the Harbin iislands belonging to it, which are situated in the east- District. On 11 Sept., 1908, the Japanese and Chinese em portion or the Bay of Liao-tung and in the north- commissioners signed at Mukden the detailed working em part of the Yellow Sea. By a new convention regulations of the Sino-Japanese Yalu Timber Corn- signed at Peking on 8 Nov., 1895, Japan retroceded panv, the re-establishment of which was first provided this portion of F^^-tien to China for a compensation for by Article X of the Komura Agreement signed at of 30,000,000 Kuping taels; this gain to China was Peking on 22 Dec., 1905, and later made the subject obtained through the action at Tokio of Russia, of a more definite compact when the Yalu Forestry France, and Germany. Russia was to reap the bene- An-eement was concluded at Peking on 14 May, 1908. fit of it. By A convention signed at Peking on 27 vicariates Apostolic. — ^The Vicariate Apostolic Mareh, 1898^ China agreed to lease to Russia Port of Manchuria was created in 1838 at the expense of the Arthur, Ta-Lien-Wan, and the adjacent waters, while Bishopric of Peking, and the first vicar Apostolic was an additional agreement, defining the boundaries of Emmanuel-Jean-Frangois Verrolles, of the Society of leased and neutral territory in the Liao-tung penin- Foreign Missions, Paris (b. 12 April, 1805; created sula, was signed at St. Petersburg on 7 May, 1898. Bishop of Colombia, 8 Nov., 1840; d. 29 April, 1878). Six years later, war broke out between Russia i^d The names of his successors, who all belonged to the Japan. In the night of the 8^ Feb., 1904, the Russian same congregation, are: Constant Dubail, Bishop of
