CALVARY 297 CAXVINISM named from a dangerous ridge of rocks which extends along the coast for 10 or 12 miles. The department is undulating and picturesque, and possesses rich pas- tures. Chief town, Caen. Pop. about 400,000. CALVARY, the English designation of the spot upon which the crucifixion of Jesus Christ is recorded as having taken place. It lay beyond but near to the city, and by some is identified with the old House of Stoning, or place of public execution, according to the law of Moses, on the top of the remarkable knoll outside the Damascus gate, on the N. side of Jerusalem. It was from this cliff that the criminal used to be flung before being stoned, and on it his body was afterward crucified; for the spot commands a view all over the city, and from the slopes round it the whole popu- lation might easily witness the execution. CALVE, EMMA (kal-va'), a French opera singer; born in 1866. She made her debut at Brussels in Gounod's "Faust." She has made successful tours of the United States in leading roles. From 1893 to 1904 she was one of the most popular and successful members of the Metropolitan Opera Company. She practically retired from the stage in 1910, appearing, however, still in con- certs. CALVERLEY, CHARLES STUART, an English poet and humorist; born in Martley, Worcestershire, Dec. 22, 1831; he was educated at Oxford and Cam- bridge. He possessed an exquisite wit. His "Verses and Translations" (1862), have been often reprinted. His "Society Verses" are marked by great elegance and geniality. He died Feb. 17, 1884. CALVERT, GEORGE. See Balti- more (Lord). CALVIN, JOHN, a reformer and theologian; born in Noyon, Picardy, France, July 10, 1509. Soon after tak- ing a degree, he went to Paris for the study of the humanities. In Paris he came under the influence of the teachers of the new theology, and before long ^1534) had to flee from France, seek- ing refuge at Basel. There he published his greatest work: "Institutes of the Christian Religion" (1536). The year following, he was chosen Professor of Divinity and one of the pastors of the church at Geneva. The strict discipline which he sought to introduce gave rise to ill feelings on the part of the citizens. He was banished from Geneva, and with- drew to Strassburg, where he filled the same post* as in the former city. He was deputed to assist when diets were held by order of the Emperor Charles v., at Worms and at Ratisbon, for the purpose of composing, if possible, the religious differences which were rending the Roman Church. Bucer accompanied him, and he conferred with Melanchthon and other leaders of the reformers. The JOHN CALVIN people of Geneva then besought him to return. Complying with their request, he arrived there Sept. 13, 1541, and straightway established a form of ec- clesiastical discipline, and a consistorial jurisdiction with power of inflicting all kinds of canonical punishments, which seemed, to many, a yoke quite as hard to endure as that imposed by Rome. Calvin's inflexible character bore down, however, all opposition, and so sternly and rigorously did he carry out his own rules that he condemned to the stake and caused to be burned his once intimatf friend, Michael Servetus, for writing against the doctrine of the Trinity. Cal- vin (whose real name was Chauvin, which, after the custom of that age, he Latinized into Calvinus) died in Geneva, May 27, 1564. CALVINISM, the tenets of John Calvin. Sometimes the term Calvinism comprehends his views regarding both theological doctrine and ecclesiastical polity; at others it is limited to the for- mer, and especially to his views on the doctrines of grace. These are some- times called the five points of Calvinism, or, more briefly, the five points; but this latter curt appellation is not sufficiently specific, for the rival system of Armin-
