CAMARGUE 299 CAMBON east-central part of the island. It has an area of 10,500 square miles. The sur- face is for the most part a plain with some hilly country in the northern part. The province is heavily wooded and lum- bering is the chief occupation. There is also copper mining and cattle-raising. Pop. about 160,000. The capital is Camaguey, which is an old town with numerous churches, a hospital, and other public buildings. The city is connected by rail with its seaport, Nuevitas, and is a station on the Cuban Main Trunk railroad. It has important exports of cattle products. Pop. about 30,000. CAMARGUE, LA (ka-marg'), the delta of the Rhone, in southern France, department of Bouches-du-Rhone. It is protected from the inundations of the river by dykes, and is mostly an un- healthy tract of pools and marshes, only a small portion of it being cultivated. CAMARILLA (a little chamber), a word first employed in the time of Ferdi- nand VII., of Spain (1814-1833), and which now signifies throughout Europe the influence exercised on the State by the court party, the favorites and syco- phants of a pope or monarch, in opposi- tion to the advice of his legitimate min- isters. CAMBAY, a feudatory state in India, Bombay presidency, lying at the head of the gulf of the same name in the W. part of Gujarat. Area, 350 square miles; pop. about 80,000. Also, chief town of above state, situated at the head of the Gulf of Cambay, formerly a flourishing port, but now decayed. Pop. about 30,- 000, The gulf separates the peninsula of Kathiawar from the N. coast of Bombay, having a length of about 80 miles, and an average breadth of 25 miles. CAMBERWELL, a metropolitan bor- ough of Greater London, on the S. side of the Thames, in the county of Surrey. Pop. (1918) 262,000. See London. CAMBIER, ERNEST, a Belgian ex- plorer, born in Ath, in 1844. He served for some time in the Belgian army, and in 1877 had the position of geographer with the first expedition of the International African Association. He became the leader of the expedition, when the origi- nal commander, Crespel, died at Zanzibar in 1878. After enduring almost unex- ampled hardships, the expedition reached Unyamwezi and later attained Karema on Lake Tanganyika. He stayed there for four years, and the valuable re- searches that he carried on were after- ward embodied in his report entitled "Rapports sur les Marches de la Pre- miere Expedition de I'Association Inter- nationale Africaine." He died in 1909. CAMBIUM, the viscid substance which appears, in the spring, between the wood and bark of exogenous trees when the new wood is foraiing, and again disappears as soon as the wood is completely formed. It reappears whenever the plant is again called into growth, as at midsummer, in those species which shoot twice a year. CAMBODIA, or CAMBOJA, nominally a state in Indo-China under a French protectorate, but practically a French dependency, part of French Indo-China, on the lower course of the Mekong, 220 miles from N. E. to S. W., and 150 miles broad, comprising an area of 46,000 square miles; pop. about 1,650,000. It is bounded on the S. E. and S. by French Cochin-China; on the S. W. by the Gulf of Siam; on the N. by Siam; on the E. by Annam. The coast, 156 miles long, indented about the middle by the Bay of Kompong-Som, offers but one port, Kampot. Among the numerous islands along the coast are Kong, Rong, Hon- Nan-Trung, etc., most of them inhab- ited. The principal river, the Mekong (in Cambodian, Tonle-Tom — i. e., "great river"), flows through Cambodia from N. to S. as far as Chen-Tel-Pho, and thence S. W. till, at the town of Pnom- penh, it divides into two arms, the Han- Giang, or Bassac, and the Tien-Giang, or Anterior river, both flowing S. Above Pnom-Penh is a N. N. W. outlet for the surcharge of the Great river, the Tonle- Sap (i. e., "river of sweet water"), ex- panding into the Great Lake, 100 miles by 25 miles in area, with a depth of 65 feet at its maximum magnitude. France, on Aug. 11, 1863, concluded a treaty with the King of Cambodia, Nerodom, placing Cambodia under a French pro- tectorate. This treaty was superseded by that of June 17, 1884, under which the King of Cambodia accepted all the reforms, administrative, judiciary, finan- cial, and commercial, which the govern- ment of France might institute. At various times since then territorial re- adjustments were made between Siam and France. The Cambodians approach the Malay and Indian types, are less Mongoloid and more nearly resemble the Caucasian type than their neighbors. Capital, Pnom-Penh. Pop. about 65,000. CAMBON, JULES MARTIN, a French diplomatist; born in Paris, April 5, 1845. He studied for the law and fought in the Franco-Prussian War, reaching the grade of captain. Entering the civil service, he became prefect of Constan- tine in 1878, prefect of the Department
