CREATION BY EVOLUTION
and difficult question. We cannot discuss it here; but it is pretty easy to see that if some of the lower animals give no evidence of guidance of action and a great many of the higher animals give abundant evidence of such guidance, there must be some stage of evolutionary advance at which an important feature of mind, hitherto absent, is no longer absent but very much in evidence.
What, then, is the kind of evidence? And what does guidance imply? It is guidance of behaviour and of conduct. And it seems that there are two evolutionary stages of guidance: (1) the higher, reflective or thoughtful guidance, which comes in us at the age of 2½ or 3 years and then progressively increases from about that age onward; and (2) the lower, unreflective guidance, of which we find evidence in the infant and in many of the lower animals. It is difficult to see how there could be guidance, even at the earlier stage, if there were no reference to an objective world, for it is with reference to that world that behaviour is subject to guidance. But it is, I think, easy to see that reference only to what is going on now would not afford what seems to be essential to guidance. It seems essential that there should be prospective guidance, anticipating, if only by a little, that which will come in the course of some established routine. How else can what may come be hastened or avoided by acting in this way or that? Does not all guidance imply some measure of reference to future events rendered present in expectancy, however shortsighted?
I take it that all may agree that under mental evolution we have to ascertain the manner in which conscious guidance advances from lower to higher stages, no less than the manner in which enjoyment, with reference to surrounding objects and eventually persons, likewise advances from lower to higher status. But just how guidance arises, and what
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