whether physical or mental.—Pliny, xxxv. 40 [138]; Brunn, ii. 53.
ARMAND-DUMARESQ, CHARLES
ÉDOUARD, born in Paris, Jan. 1, 1826.
Genre painter, especially of military scenes;
pupil of T. Couture. In 1854 he accompanied
the French troops to Algiers and
Italy, to paint battle scenes and camp life.
Medal: 3d class, 1861, 1863; Order of St.
Maurice, 1859; L. of Honour, 1867; Officer,
1881. Works: Christ (1850), Church
of Dôle; St. Bernard preaching a Crusade
(1852); Martyrdom of St. Peter (1853),
Cathedral of Caen; Attributes of the Arts
and Sciences, Death of General Kirgener,
Second Zouaves in Ambush (1855); Capture
of the Great Redoubt in the Battle of Moskowa
(1857); Death of General Bizot (1859),
Versailles Museum; Battle of Solferino (1859);
Charge of Devaux's Division (1862); Prince
Imperial taking a Walk, Vive l'Empereur
(1864); Colour Guard, Chaplain of the Regiment,
Battle of Solferino, Passage of the
Adda (1865); Charge of Cuirassiers at Eylau,
Chasseurs on Foot, Carrying off the Wounded
(1866); Charge of Cuirassiers (1867); Return
from Elba (1868); Day before Austerlitz,
Day before Solferino (1869); Defence of St.
Quentin (1872); Signing the Declaration of
American Independence (1873); Council of
War, The Spy (1874); Surrender of Yorktown,
a Prussian Uhlan (1875); Battle of
Saratoga (1879); Prince of Wales reviewing
the Grenadiers in 1777 (1880); Battle of
Bapaume, Each in his Turn (1883); Lecture
de l'Annuaire de la Cavalerie (1884).—Larousse;
Meyer, Künst. Lex., ii. 260; Bellier.
ARMENINI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA,
born at Faenza in 1540, died there, May 13,
1609. Roman school; went when fifteen
years old to Rome, where he was allied with
Taddeo Zuccaro, and copied Michelangelo's
Last Judgment. From 1557 he wandered
for nine years through Italian cities, mostly
working for, or coöperating with other artists,
and finally became a priest. He wrote
a book on the theory of painting, which, as
late as the last century, was valued in Italy
and Germany.—Meyer, Künst. Lex., ii. 261;
Gualandi, Mem., ii. 78, 192.
ARMIDA. See Rinaldo.
ARMITAGE, EDWARD, born in London,
May 20, 1817. History painter; pupil
in Paris (1836) of Paul Delaroche, whom
he assisted in painting the Hemicycle in
the Paris École des Beaux Arts. In 1840
he sent Prometheus Bound to the Paris
Salon, and in 1843 he was awarded a prize
of £300 at the Westminster Hall Exhibition,
for his cartoon of the Landing of Cæsar in
Britain. His cartoon, The Spirit of Religion,
gained a prize of £200 in 1845, and his Battle
of Meance (Sindh), a prize of £500 in 1847.
The latter was purchased by the Queen. In
1852 he painted the fresco of the Thames,
and in 1854 that of the Death of Marmion
in the Parliament House. Having studied
two years, 1849-51, in Rome, he visited the
Crimea during the Russian war, and made
important studies from which he painted
Balaklava and the Guards at Inkerman.
Elected A. R. A. in 1867, R. A. in 1872; appointed
professor and lecturer on painting
at Royal Academy at 1875. His lectures
were published in the United States in
1883. Works: Death of Nelson, Henry
VIII. and Catherine Parr (1848); Vision of
Ezekiel (1850); Samson (1851); City of
Refuge (1853); Lotus Eater (1854); Ravine
at Inkerman (1856); Souvenir of Scutari
(1857); Retribution (1858); St. Francis before
Innocent III. (1859), Christ and the
Twelve Apostles (1860), Catholic Church
at Islington; Pharaoh's Daughter (1861);
Burial of a Martyr in Time of Nero (1863);
Ahab and Jezebel (1864); Esther's Banquet
(1865); Remorse of Judas (1866); Feast of
Herod (1868); Gethsemane (1870), National
Gallery; Simplex Munditiis (1873); Julian
the Apostate (1875); Phryne, the Hymn of
the Last Supper (1876); Serf Emancipation
(1877); Pygmalion and Galatea (1878);
Charity, Samson and the Lion (1881); St.
Francis and St. Dominic at Rome, One of
Raphael's Models, Sea Urchins (1882).—Art
