TULLUM. TULLUJI (TovWov), in Gallia Belgica, is one of the cities of the Leuci, who bordered on the Me- dioniatrici. (Ptol. ii. 9. § 13.) Nasium is the other city [Nasium]. The Notitia of the Provinces of Gallia mentions Tullum thus : " Civitas Leu- coruni Tullo." Toul, which is Tullum, has pre- served its name instead of taking the name of the people, like most other capital towns. Toul is in the department of the Meurtke. [G. L.] TUNES (Tuj'Tjs, Polyb. i. 30; Toms, or Tvvts, Strab. xvii. p. 834, &c.), a stront^Iy fortified town, once of some importance, in the Roman province of Africa. According to Polybius (xiv. 20), who is followed by Livy (xsx. 9), it was 120 stadia or 15 miles from Carthage, from which it lay in a SW. direction; but the Tab. Pent., in which it is written Thunis, places it more correctly at a distance of only 10 miles from that city. It is said to have been situated at the mouth of a little river called Catada, in the bay of Carthage, but there are now no traces of any such river. On the present state of Tunis, see Biaquiere, Lett. i. p. 161. seq. ; Ritter Erd- hunde, i. p. 914, seq. ' [T. H. I).] TUNGRI (To077poi), are placed by Ptolemy (ii. 9. § 9) east of the Tabullas river, and their chief place is Atuacutum, which is Aduatuca or Tongern [Aduatica]. Tacitus {German, c. 2) says, Those who first crossed the Rhine and ex- pelled the Galli, are now called Tungri, but were then named Germani." Tacitus speaks of the Tungri in two other passages {^Hist. iv. 55. 79) ; and in one of them he appears to place the Tungri next to the Nervii. The name of the Eburones, whom Caesar attempted to annihilate [Eburones], dis- appears in the later geography, and the Tungri take their place. (Plin. iv. 31.) DAnville observes (iVoi/ce, (fc.) that the name of the Tungri extended over a large tract of country, and comprehended several peoples ; for in the Notit. of the Provinces of Gallia, the Tungri divide with the Agrippinenses all Germania Secunda ; and there is some evidence that the bishops of Tunfjern had once a territory which bordered on that of Reims. Ammianus (sv. 11) gives the name of the people, Tungri, to one of the chief cities of Germania Secunda ; the other is Agrippina (^Color/ne). This shows that Tongern under the later Empire was a large place. JIany Roman remains have been dug up there ; and it is said that the old Roman road may still be traced through the town. [G. L.] TUNNOCELUiM, according to the Notitia Imp. a place on the coast of Britannia Romana, at the end of the wall of Hadrian, the station of the Cohors I. Aelia Classica. Horsley (p. 91) and others place it at Boulness, on Solway Frith; Cam- den, with less probability, seeks it at Tynemoutli , on the E. coast. [T. H. D.] TUNTOBRIGA (JowrdSpiya, Ptol. ii. 6. § 39), a town of the Callaici in Hispania Tarraco- nensis. [T. H. D.] TURANIANA, a place in Hispania Baetica, not far from the coast, between Murgis and Urci. (^Itin. Ant. p. 405.) Variously identified with Torque, Torhiscon, and Tabernas. [T. H. D.] TURBA, a town of the Edetani in Hispania Tarraconensis. (Liv. xxxiii. 44.) Perhaps the modern Tuejar on the Guadalaviar. [T. H. D.] TURBA. [BiGERRioNES.] TURBULA {TovpSovXa, Ptol. ii. 6. § 61), a town of the Bastetani in Hispania Tarraconensis. D'Anville (Geogr. An. i. p. 28) and Mentelle (£«^;. TURIA. 1239 Anc. p. 177) identify it with Teruel; but Ukert (ii. pt. i. p. 407) more correctly declares it to be Torurra in Mnrcia. The inhabitants are called TopeoAfiTui by App. Ilisp. 10. [T. H. D.] TURCAE (TovpKoi, Suid. s. v.), a Scythian people of Aiiiatic Sarmatia, dwelling on the Palus Maeotis, which appears to be identical with the 'IvpKM of Herodotus (iv. 22, &c.). The various hypotheses that have been started respecting the Turcae only show that nothing certain is known re- specting them. (Cf. Mannert, iv. p. 130; Heeren, Ideen, i. 2, pp. 189, 281, 307; Schatiiirik, Slav.Al- terth. i. p. 318, &c.) Humboldt {Centrcd-Asien, i. p. 245, ed. Mahlmann) opposes the notion that these Turcae or Jyrcae were the ancestors of the pre-sent Turks. [T. H. D.] TURCILINGI, a tribe in northern Germanv which is not noticed before the fifth century of our era, and then is occasionally mentioned along with the Eugii. (Jornand. Get. 15 ; Paul. Diuc. i. 1.) [L. S.] TURDETA'NI (Tovpdvravoi, Ptol. ii. 4. § 5, &c.), the principal people of Hispania Baetica; whence we find the name of Turdetania (JovpSriTai'ia or TovpTVTayia) used by Strabo (iii. p. 136) and Ste- phanus Byz. (p. 661) as identical with Baetica. Their territory lay to the W. of the river Singulis (now Xenil), on both sides of the Baetis as far as Lusitania on the V. The Turdetani were the most civilised and polished of all the Spanish tribes. They cultivated the sciences; they had their poets and historians, and a code of written laws, drawn up in ametrical form (Strab. iii. pp. 139, 151, 167; Polyb. xxxiv. 9). Hence they were readily disposed to adopt the manners and customs of their con- querors, and became at length almost entirely Romans; but with these characteristics we are not surprised to find that they are at the same time represented by Livy (xxxiv. 17) as the most un- warlike of all the Spanish races. They possessed the Jus Latii. Some traits in their manners arc noted by Diodorus Sic. (v. 33), Silius Italicus (iii. 340, seq.), and Strabo (iii. 164). Their superior civilisation was no doubt derived from their inter- course with the Phoenicians whose colony of Tartessus lay in their neighbourhood. [T. H. D.] TUEDULI (Toi;p5oi}Aoi, Ptol. ii. 4. § 10), a people in Hispania Baetica, veiy nearly connected with the Turdetani, and ultimately not to be dis- tinguished from them. (Strab. iii. p. 139; Polyb. xxxiv. 9). They dwelt to the E. and S. of the Turdetani, down to the shores of the Fretum Her- culeum. A branch of them called the Tunluli Veteres appears to hare migrated into Lusitania, and to have settled to the S. of the Durius; wheru it is probable that in process of time tiiey be- came amalgamated with the Lusitanians (Strab. iii. p. 151; Mela, iii. 1. § 7; Plin. iii. 1. s. 3, iv. 21. s. 35; cf. Florez, Esp. Sagr. ix. p. 7). [T. II. I] TURECIONICUM or TURECIONNUM, in Gal- lia Narbonensis, is placed in the Table on a road between Vienna {Vienne) and Cularo (Grenoble). Turecionicum is between Vienna and Jlorginnuiu (Moirans) The site is unknown. [G. L.] TURIA or TURIUM, a river in the territory of the Edetani in Hispania Tarraconensis, which enters the sea in the neighbourhood of Valentia (Jlela, ii. 6 ; Plin. iii. 3. s. 4;' Vib. Seq. p. 227, ed. Bip.) It was famed for the proelium Turicnsc between Pompey and Sertorius (Pint. Pomp. 18, Sert. 19; Cic. p. Balb. 2). Now the Guadalaviar. [T. H. D.] 4 Iv 4
