the two Shóshoni tribes mentioned above. The nation calls itself (and other Indians) Máklaks, "the encamped, the settlers," a term which has been transcribed into English "Múckalucks," and ought to include all the four divisions given below. About 145 Modocs were, after the Modoc war of 1873, removed to Quápaw Agency, Indian Territory. The language is rich in words and synonyms, only slightly polysynthetic, and lacks the sounds f and r. They divide themselves into:—Klamaths or Klamath Lakes, E-ukshikni, from e-ush "lake;" on Big Klamath Lake. Modocs originally inhabiting the shores of Little Klamath Lake, now at Yánex. The Pit Rivers call them Lútuam; and they call the Pit Rivers, Móatuash or "southern dwellers." Kómbatuash, "grotto or cave dwellers," from their abode in the Lava Bed Caves—a medley of different races. Some Mólele or Molále, renegades of the Cayuse tribe, have recently become mixed with Rogue Rivers and Klamaths, and have adopted the Klamath language in consequence. No Klamath sub-dialects exist, the idioms of all these tribes being almost identical. Klamaths and other southern Oregonians communicate with other tribes by means of the Chinook jargon.
The tinné family.—The Tinné family of languages, which extends from the inhospitable shores of the Yukon and Mackenzie rivers to Fraser river, and almost to Hudson's Bay, sent in by-gone centuries a powerful offshoot to the Rio Grande del Norte and the Gila rivers, now represented by the Apache, Lipan and Návajo. Other fragments of the Tinné stock, represented by less populous tribes, wandered south of the Columbia river, and settled on the coast of the Pacific Ocean; they were the Kwalhioqua, Tlatskanai, Umpqua, Rogue Rivers (or Rascal Indians) and the Hoopa. Following them up in the direction from south to north, we begin with the Hoopa.
Hoopa.—The populous and compact Hoopa (or better, Hoopaw) tribe has its habitation on the Trinity, near its influx into Klamath river, California, and for long years kept in awe and submission the weaker part of the surrounding tribes and clans, exacting tributes, and even forcing their language upon some of them, as upon the Chimalaquays on New river, the Kailtas on Redwood Creek, and upon the two Pomo bands above mentioned. Powers holds their language to be copious in words, robust, strong in utterance, and of martial simplicity and rudeness. The Wylakies, or, Wi Lakees, near the western base of Shasta Butte, speak a Hoopa dialect. No information is at hand to decide whether the Lassics on Mad river, the Tahahteens on Smith river, and a few other tribes, speak, as the assumption is, Tinné dialects or not.
