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CONTENTS. PAGE.
Preface iii List of illustrations X
Concept and Causes of Succession
- The formation an organism 3
- Universal occurrence of succession 3
- Viewpoints of succession 3
- Succession and sere 4
- Sere and cosere 4
- Processes in succession 4
Causes of Succession
- Relation of causes 5
- Kinds of causes 5
- Proximate and remote causes 5
Essential Nature of Succession
- Developmental aspect 6
- Functional aspect 7
General Historical Summary
Early Investigations
- King, 1685 8
- Degner, 1729 9
- Buffon, 1742 9
- Biberg, 1749 10
- Anderson, 1794 10
- De Luc, 1806 10
- Rennie, 1810 12
- Dureau, 1825 13
- Steenstrup, 1842 14
- Reissek, 1856 16
- Vaupell, 1857 17
- von Post, 1861 17
- Gremblich, 1876 18
- Müller, 1878-1887 19
- Other investigations 19
Recent Investigations
- Blytt, 1876 21
- Hult, 1885-1887 22
- Warming, 1891 23
- MacMillan, 1894-1896 24
- Warming, 1895 25
- Graebner, 1895 25
- Pound and Clements, 1898-1900 26
- Schimper, 1898 26
- Cowles, 1899 27
- Cowles, 1901 28
- Clements, 1902-1904 29
- Clements, 1904 29
- Friih and Schroter, 1904 30
- Clements, 1905-1907 30
- Moss, 1907-1910 30
- Clements, 1910 31
- Cowles, 1911 31
- Shantz, 1911 31
- Tansley, 1911 31
- MacDougal, 1914 32
Initial Causes
- Significance of bare areas 33
- Modifications of development 33
- Processes as causes 34
- Change of conditions 34
- Fundamental nature of water-content 34
- Kinds of initial causes 35
- Physiography 36
Topographic Causes
- Topographic processes 36
- Kinds of processes 37
- Base-leveling 38
Erosion
- Nature 39
- Agents of erosion 39
- Rate and degree of erosion 40
- Fragmentary and superficial erosion 40
- Bare areas due to water erosion 41
- Bare areas due to wind erosion 41
- Bare areas due to gravity 41
- Bare areas due to ice action 41
Deposit
- Significance 42
- Agents of deposit 42
- Manner of deposit 43
- Rate and depth of deposit 43
- Place of deposit 44
- Distance of transport 44
- Fragmentary and local deposit 45
- Sterility of deposits 45
- Bare areas due to deposit by moving water 45
- Bare areas due to waves and tides 46
- Composition and water-content of alluvial deposits 46
- Bare areas due to deposit by ground waters 46
- Bare areas due to deposit by wind 47
- Deposit by ice and snow 47
- Bare areas due to deposit by glaciers 47
- Bare areas due to deposit by ice and snow 48
- Bare areas due to deposit by gravity 48
- Bare areas due to volcanic deposits 49
- Ponding and draining 49
- Kinds of lakes and ponds 50
- Life-history of a lake 50
- Drainage 51
Elevation and Subsidence
- Elevation and subsidence 52
- New areas due to elevation 52
- Subsidence 52
- Earthquakes 54
- Similarity of topographic processes 54
Edaphic Causes
- Nature 55
