HOSE 437 Europe, where the climate allows rose cul- ture to reach a greater perfection than with us, it has been found that the finest flowers are obtained when the rose is budded on some stock with vigorous roots; the com- mon brier or dog rose, and the Manetti rose, so called from the Italian who raised it from seed, are the usual stocks ; the bud is inserted in the ordinary manner (see BUDDING), near the ground, unless standard or tree roses are wanted, when the stocks are budded at 4 or 5 ft. high. Budded roses are in little favor in this country, as in our severe winters the plant may be killed quite to its insertion in the stock, and our hot summers induce the stocks to throw up abundant suckers, which weaken the growth of the budded rose and are a con- stant source of annoyance. Our rose growers prefer roses on their own roots, except for the few varieties which will only bloom freely on other stocks. The tree or standard roses are imported in large numbers every year, but seldom survive the first winter. Roses may be grafted, but this is rarely done. The soil for roses can hardly be too rich ; the hardy kinds may be planted in autumn or in spring; the tender kinds may be set out as soon as frosts are over ; in planting, all weak growth should be cut out, and the strong stems shortened to a few buds. Each spring the hardy sorts should have their sterns pruned according to their vigor, the weakest being cut out alto- gether, and the others shortened from one third to one half. Climbing roses need only to have the old wood thinned out. Few flow- ering plants have so many enemies as the rose. Aphides or plant lice may be killed by tobac- co water; the rose slug, the larva of selandria rosm, must be treated to frequent syringing of whale-oil soapsuds, or infusion of white hel- lebore ; the rose bug (macrodactylm subspi- nosus), which eats the buds, can only be con- quered by hand picking. The China, Noi- sette, tea, and other tender roses are grown in greenhouses and window gardens; for green- house management reference must be made to works on floriculture. Roses for house blooming should be potted by September, all the flower buds being removed and the pots kept in a cool place until well established ; only the China and tea varieties are likely to give good results, and these will need con- stant care, as they are very apt to be in- fested by plant lice and the red spider; to- bacco smoke or tobacco water is the remedy for the one, and frequent showering of the leaves with water on both sides for the other. Uses. Roses have long been used in medi- cine, and two kinds of rose leaves or petals are officinal in the pharmacopoeias of the pres- ent day. Red rose leaves are the unexpanded flowers of the Provence rose (P. Gallica) col- lected and dried ; they are mildly astringent ; their infusion by the addition of a small por- tion of sulphuric acid turns a brilliant crim- son, and is used as a medium for soluble medi- cines. The confection or conserve of rosee, formerly prepared by beating one part of the fresh petals with three parts of sugar, is now made from the powdered dried petals, with honey and rose water ; it is used as the base of blue pill, and as a vehicle for other medicines. The hundred-leaved rose (JR. centifolia) is sometimes used for the preparation of rose water, 8 Ibs. of the petals and two gallons of water being placed in a still, and one gallon of rose water distilled off. The petals are some- times preserved by heating them with twice their weight of salt, to be distilled when re- quired. Most of the rose water now in use is prepared from the oil of roses. In Europe the ripe hips of the dog rose (B. canina) are used to prepare a confection ; the hairy akenes being separated, the pulpy portion, beaten up with about twice its weight of sugar, forms the confection of dog rose, used for the same purposes as the conserve of roses. Oil, attar, or otto of roses is by far the most important commercial product of the rose. (See ATTAR OF ROSES.) The works on general floriculture treat of the rose ; the leading special works are: "The Book of Roses," by Francis Park- man (Boston, 1866); "Propagation, Cultiva- tion, and History of the Rose," by Samuel B. Parsons (New York, 1869); "A Book about Roses," by S. Reynolds Hole (London, 1870) ; and " The Amateur's Rose Book," by Shirley Hibberd (London, 1874). ROSE. I. Heinrleb, a German chemist, born in Berlin in 1795, died there, Jan. 29, 1864. His grandfather, -Valentin Rose the elder, and his father, Valentin Rose the younger, were distinguished chemists. He first devoted him- self to pharmacy, studied in Berlin, in Stock- holm in 1819 under Berzelius, and at Kiel, where he took his degree. In 1823 he became extraordinary and in 1835 ordinary professor of chemistry at Berlin. His Handluch der analytischen Chemie (Berlin, 1829) has obtained wide celebrity. In 1845 he discovered a new metal in the tantalites of Bavaria, which he called niobium. (See COLUMBITJM.) II. Gustav, a German mineralogist, brother of the prece- ding, born in Berlin, March 28, 1798, died there, July 15, 1873. In 1820 he took his de- gree in Berlin, in 1821 studied under Berzelius at Stockholm, in 1822 became keeper of the mineralogical collection in the university of Berlin, and in 1826 was made extraordinary and in 1839 ordinary professor of mineralogy there. He wrote Elemente der Krystallogra- phie (2d ed., Berlin, 1838) ; Uebtr das Krys- tallisationsystem des Quarzes (1846) ; Ueber die Krystallform der rhomboedrischen Metalle (1850); and Das Tcrystallochemische Mineral- system (Leipsic, 1852). "With Humboldt end Ehrenberg he travelled through northern Asia in 1829, and published Seise nach dem Ural, dem Altai wnd dem Kaspischen Meer (2 vols., Berlin, 1837-'42). ROSE. I. Hugh James, an English author, born at Little Horsted, Surrey, in 1795, died
