Land system, of Roman Empire, 36-37; of early Germans, 44; allotments to veterans, 29; to barbarian settlers, 67; to German invaders, 87, 119-20; effect of the barbarian invasions, 92-93; the great landholder, 120, 123, 162, 170, 193, 204, 214; church lands, 105, 155, 283; their distribution by Charles Martel, 194; Mohammedan Spain, 187; feudal period, 232-46, 254-55, 301, 329, 521; England, 277, 477, 484, 523-24, 630; German northeast 305-06; Lombardy, 346-47; Scandinavia, 546; Low Countries, 617; France, 622; and see Agriculture, Manor, Peasants, Serfdom, Villa
Lanfranc, 376
Langland, William, 400, 516
Langton, Stephen, 458-59
Languages, and history, 4, 6-7; and race, 9-10; in Mithridates' empire, 54; effect of invasions on, 119, 474; in church service, 120; medieval, 260, 371, 397-400; modern, 16, 415, 587; and see Aryan, Celtic, English, French, German, Greek, Indo-European, Italian, Latin, Slavic, etc.
Languedoc, 272-73, 442, 445, 497, 501, 524, 627
Langue d'oc, and langue d o'ïl, 399
Laon, 219, 360-62, 376, 380, 438, 524
Lapland, 223
Lapps, 11
Las Siete Partidas, 410
Last judgment, 412
Last Judgment, of Michelangelo, 607
"Later Roman Empire," 87
Lateran Palace, 198, 286-87, 452; and see Fourth Lateran Council
Latin, Christendom and Church, see Papacy
Latin cross, 83, 147, and see Cruciform churches
Latin Empire, at Constantinople, 453, 465-66, 553, 583
Latin language, literature, and learning, 7, 10, 24, 49, 53; decline of, 65-66, 86, 92, 114, 122, 124, 143, 152, 157, 164, 182; Carolingian, 210-11, 222-23, 272, 294; in tenth and eleventh centuries, 348, 374, 376; in twelfth and thirteenth centuries, 377-412, 419, 435, 474, 487; in the later Middle Ages, 562-63; of Italian Renaissance, 588-93
Latin population and race, 24, 52, 119, 213
Latin states in Syria, 310, 318-22, 554, 607
Laura, Petrarch's, 588
Laurentian Portolano, 395
Law and laws, including legal and legislation; of ancient city-state, 26; of nature, 31, 99; international, 114; Carolingian, 203-06; of United States, 206; English, 206, 241; feudal, 278-79; royal, 279, 519, 521, and see Royal Courts; of medieval towns, 335-36, 341, 357, 362, 364, 475; Merchant, 335-36, 475 5 medieval diversity of, 336, 475, 490; of Frederick II in Sicily, 469; of Edward I in England, 484; of Parliament under Edward III, 518; Russian, 549, 551; Polish, 552; Venetian, 582; French, 627; Spanish, 631; and see Anglo-Saxon, Canon, Common, German, and Roman law
Law-speakers, 50
Lay investiture, see Investiture struggle
League of Cambrai, 637
League of the Public Welfare, 624-25
League of Venice, 636
Leagues, feudal, 495-97, 502, 526, 539
Leagues, of towns, 362, 372, 524, 539, 541; and see Hanseatic, Holy, Lombard, Rhine, Swabian Leagues, and Swiss Confederation
