- Rhodes, 150, 177, 559
- Rhone River, 12, 17, 82, 88, 90, 179, 213, 216, 261, 271-72, 367, 506, 519, 538
- Rhyme, 403-04
- Rialto, 342
- Richard I, or Cœur de Lion, King of England, 321-22, 437, 457-58, 462, 475, 479, 493
- Richard II, 511, 523-25, 565
- Richard III, 628
- Richard, brother of Pope Innocent III, 463-64
- Richard of Cornwall, brother of Henry III of England, 496, 537
- Richmond, Earl of, see Henry VII of England
- Ricimer, 86
- Riga, 544
- Right of spoil, 463
- Rigord, 493
- Rimini, 353, 580
- Ripuarian Franks, 88-90, 119, 121, 213
- Ritual, of Oriental cults in Roman Empire, 63-64; early Christian, 101; simplicity of Mohammedan, 175
- Rivers, of Europe, 11-12; as trade-routes, 329
- Roads, Roman, 32, 366; medieval, 348
- Robber barons and knights, 249, 302, 329, 408, 437, 442, 534
- Robber Council, see Ephesus
- Robbia, Luca della, 603
- Robert the Strong, Count of Paris, 219
- Robert I, King of France, 270
- Robert of Flanders, 270
- Robert the Devil, Duke of Normandy, 275
- Robert, son of William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, 480
- Robert Guiscard, ruler of Sicily and southern Italy, 289, 291, 302, 310, 312, 377, 384
- Robert, Count of Artois, brother of Louis IX, 497
- Robert of Geneva, see Pope Clement
- Robert, King of Naples, 588
- Rochelle, La, battle of, 522
- Roderick, King of the West Goths, 179
- Roger Bacon, see Bacon
- Roger Guiscard, 312
- Roger II, King of Sicily, 383-84
- Roland, 402, 593; and see Song of
- Rollo, Duke of Normandy, 219, 275
- Romagna, 461, 464, 637
- Roman Catholic, 6, 16, 115, 120, 135, 193, 282, 386, 411, 452, 454, 550, 556, 566, 569, 571, 639; and see Church, Papacy
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- Romance, 3, 311
- Romance languages, 251, 399, 401-02, 407, 409, 418
- Romance peoples, 225
- Romance of the Rose, 408, 411, 415
- Romances, Arabian, 182; medieval, 198, 211, 251, 321, 402-03, 406-08, 410,415, 515; Italian, 593
- Roman de Rou, 219
- Roman Empire, civilization, 13, chap. ii; compared with early German civilization, 40-50, 62; decline of, 15, 54, chap. iv, 85-86, 90, 109, 113; barbarians and, 23, 40, 53-55, 61, chaps. v, vii; and Christianity, 64, 95, 100, 102-08; influence upon and comparison with the Middle Ages, 114-15, 117, 131, 139, 164, 181, 190, 198-99, 205, 209, 212, 233-34, 238, 249, 257, 282, 285, 291, 293, 301, 327-29, 348, 368, 387, 393, 397-99, 416, 418-19, 435, 474, 477, 493, 554, 577, 590, 616, 621
- Romanesque architecture, 147, 418-25, 431, 433, 586, 599
- Romanic, see Romanesque
- Roman law, 27, 30-31, 39, 48, 50, 70, 86, 115; in early Middle Ages, 122-23, 240, 272, 294; revival of, 351, 377, 381, 390, 393, 475-76, 491, 586-87, 589
- Roman numerals, 183, 386
- Romantic epic, see Romances
- Romantic love, 403
- Romantic movement in literature, 424
- Rome, Bishop of, see Papacy
- Rome, Church of, see Church
- Rome, city of, early history, 4, 26-28, 52, 54, 81, 97, 115; imperial, 2, 29, 34-36, 54, 69; sacked by Alaric, 80-81, 95-97, 1 12-13, ii5, 291; sacked by the Vandals, 83, 85, 291; medieval, 126, 133, 135, 149, 154-56, 160, 172, 196, 200, 207-09, 212-13, 226, 260, 265, 280, 285-86, 289-90; sacked by the Normans, 291, 300; 295, 302, 322; commune, 350; 355; romances of, 406-07; churches of, 421; under Innocent III, 435, 445, 450, 452, 455, 462-64; in the later Middle Ages, 467, 503-06, 518, 541, 548, 560-61, 565-66; during the Renaissance, 588, 597, 599-600, 603, 607, 635
- Romulus, Roman Emperor, 86
- Roncaglia, Diet of, 351, 354, 377
- Roncesvalles, 402
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