distorted information by indirect means (through the information environment) or direct means (such as deceiving friendly intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance [ISR] systems). • Simulative electromagnetic deception comprises actions to simulate friendly, notional, or actual capabilities to mislead hostile forces (JP 3-51). For example, a military deception operation may place surveillance radars in a typical defensive array when, in fact, the commander’s intention is to attack. • Imitative electromagnetic deception is the introduction of electromagnetic energy into enemy systems that imitates enemy emissions (JP 3-51).
1-24. Electronic Attack. Electronic attack is that division of electronic warfare
involving the use of electromagnetic energy, directed energy, or antiradiation
weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent
of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability and is considered
a form of fires. Electronic attack includes (1) actions taken to prevent
or reduce an adversary’s effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum, such
as jamming and electromagnetic deception, and (2) employment of weapons
that use either electromagnetic or directed energy as their primary destructive
mechanism (lasers, radio frequency weapons, particle beams) (JP 3-51).
Electronic attack (EA) against friendly C2 systems and their associated networks
can occur at any time.during peace, crisis, or war. Army C2 systems
are always subject to attack, regardless of the level of international tensions
or hostilities.
1-25. Adversaries may try to inhibit operations by shutting down networks
through electronic means. Some adversaries can conduct computer network
attacks (CNAs) as well. Computer networks are particularly vulnerable to
denial of service attacks. Networks do not have to be compromised or destroyed
to disable them. Hackers can deny use of a network or other
INFOSYS without gaining access to it. This capability makes denial of service
attacks hard to defend against.
1-26. Physical Destruction. Weapons that can destroy, disrupt, or degrade
C2 systems by physically destroying parts of them range from terrorist
bombs to artillery, missiles, and aircraft. The ability of adversaries to strike
will only grow as more capable systems, such as cruise missiles and precision-
guided munitions, proliferate. The spread of such technologies as global
positioning systems, unmanned aerial vehicles, and near real-time-imagery
satellites, will enhance precision-strike capabilities.
1-27. Perception Management. Perception management consists of actions
to convey and/or deny selected information and indicators to foreign audiences
to influence their emotions, motives, and objective reasoning; and to
intelligence systems and leaders at all levels to influence official estimates,
ultimately resulting in foreign behaviors and official actions favorable to the
originator’s objectives. In various ways, perception management combines
truth projection, operations security, cover, deception, and psychological operations
(JP 3-13). Some adversaries will target friendly forces and interests with
perception management activities, such as propaganda and deception, to
