means should be used before resorting to violence. After seeing the expedition embarked on thirteen ships in June 1559, he returned to Mexico. Arrived at Santa Elena, they suffered from heavy weather at the anchorage; and, on landing, the natives harassed them so that they had to send to Mexico for help. Some companies came, one under Captain Biedna, and another under Ángel Villafañe, whom the viceroy appointed as Luna's successor. But it all proved of no avail. It was impossible for these Spanish soldiers, already becoming effeminate from long inactivity, to maintain any hold on the country, and much less to accomplish its subjugation in the face of the powerful warlike tribes that had banded to defend themselves. The undertaking was consequently abandoned, and the few who had escaped destruction were conveyed to Habana and thence restored to Mexico.[1]
Nor did Velasco confine his attention within the former limits of New Spain. His term of office was marked by conquest and the opening of rich mines as well as by progress in agriculture, arts, and manufactures. Pursuing the policy of his sovereign, he encouraged and fitted out expeditions for the subjugation of the vast countries then bearing the name of the Gran Chichimeca, and a little later of the territory called at that time Copala. His first measures secured the further pacification of Querétaro, Zacatecas, and Guanajuato, and were followed by the subjection of the whole north-western region.
An account has been already given of the towns of San Felipe and San Miguel. These garrisoned places proved very useful for the protection of travellers, and led to the discovery of rich mines and the founda-
- ↑ A letter of Velasco to the king, of March 1559, speaks of 500 men — 250 horsemen and 250 foot — as accompanying Luna to his government. All other authorities who mention numbers are agreed upon those given in the text. Velasco, Carta, in Cartas de Indias, 272; Velasco, Relacion, in Florida, Col. Doc., i. 10-13; Id., in Pacheco and Cárdenas, Col. Doc., iv. 136-40; Valderrama. Cartas, in Id., iv. 363; Torquemada, i. 620-1; Vetancvrt, Trat. Mex., 9; Lorenzana, in Cortés, Hist. N. Esp., 15; Dávila Padilla, Hist. Fvnd., 177-8, 189-229; Panes, Vireyes, in Monum. Dom. Esp., MS., 82.
