Primary Lessons in Swatow Grammar/Lesson XXXVI

by William Ashmore

Words used in teaching and Arguing.

---

tàⁿ-ūe,

to talk.

tàⁿ-ūe oh thiaⁿ,

hard to listen to.

tàⁿ-ūe kōi-kōi-thiaⁿ,

easy to listen to.

tàⁿ-ūe bô-mêng-pe̍h,

he does not speak clearly.

uá kāng-lṳ́-tàⁿ,

I to or with you say, i.e. I tell you.

iông-uá-tàⁿ,

allow me to state.

kāng-lṳ́ tàⁿ-chai,

tell it to you for your information.

khṳt-lṳ́--tàⁿ,

it is for you to speak, i.e. you are allowed to speak.

khṳt-uá tàⁿ hó--mē?

may I be allowed to speak?

chièⁿ-seⁿ tàⁿ mêng-mêng pe̍h-pe̍h,

that is stating it very clearly.

lṳ́ tàⁿ tùi-tùi,

you say it exactly.

lṳ́ tàⁿ tùi-tong,

you speak to the centre, i.e. to the point.

lṳ́ tàⁿ tit tie̍h,

you say rightly.

àiⁿ-tàⁿ hó-tàⁿ,

if you want to speak, speak

tàⁿ-lâi tàⁿ-khṳ̀,

talk back and forth.

tàⁿ-khou-piⁿ, bô-tàⁿ khou-sim,

talking around the edge of a subject and not to the heart of it.

tàⁿ-chhim che̍k-pōu,

go a step deeper into the subject.

tàⁿ-thò che̍k-pōu,

to draw back a step in argument.

tàⁿ-ló-chhó,

you talk at random.

i tàⁿ lí-lí-tàⁿ, tàⁿ-m̄-hiah,

he kept on talking without stopping.

i tàⁿ-hiah, ãu pa̍t-nâng chiap-tàⁿ,

when he had done talking another joined in.

sùa-sùa-tàⁿ,

continuous discourse.

hiaⁿ-tĩ lṳ́ sie-sùa-tàⁿ,

brethren, speak one after another (without breaks).

ha̍h-tàⁿ,

corroborative.

ha̍h-tie̍h-i tàⁿ,

accords with what he said.

tàⁿ-ūe mài-khah-chōi,

don’t say too much.

tàⁿ-ūe mài-khah-tn̂g,

don’t talk too long.

tàⁿ-ūe kùe-tn̂g,

exceed the time in talking

mài-tàⁿ làng-phāng,

don’t talk disjointedly.

lṳ́ tàⁿ-khṳt-i miⁿ-ba̍t--chē,

let your words be more close together.

tàⁿ-ūe mài-kek-chhok,

don’t crowd your words together.

lṳ́ tàⁿ-ūe tie̍h-ēng-kán,

in your speech use brevity.

lṳ́ kâi-ūe tàⁿ-lâi-kàu tie̍h,

in what you say you are correct.

tàⁿ-phùa-i kâi-sim-sṳ̄,

exposed his design.

tàⁿ-phùa-i kâi-thâm-lūn,

confuted his talk.

tàⁿ-tāng,

emphasize; lay stress on.

tàⁿ-tie̍h-la̍t--chē,

lay on a little more stress.

i kâi-ūe ũ-chhim-ì--lōu!

his words have a profound meaning– surely!

i tàⁿ-lâi chhién-pe̍h chhién-pe̍h,

he speaks clearly and plainly.

uá tàⁿ phûe-phûe tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ,

I am speaking only on the surface of the subject.

tãi-chóng-chóng tàⁿ,

to summarize.

tãi-khài-tàⁿ,

to state in a general way.

chhó-lia̍k-tàⁿ,

state it briefly will do.

tàⁿ-tãi-ì,

to state the gist of anything, or, the leading thoughts,

uá tàⁿ-lṳ́-thiaⁿ,

I speak and you hear me.

tàⁿ-ūe bô-liâm-chia̍p,

his words have no connection.

tàⁿ-lâi ũ-tõ-lí,

there is reason in what you say.

tàⁿ-khui tàⁿ-bûa,

he talks off and on, i.e. evasive.

lṳ́ tùe-i kâi-ūe-búe tàⁿ,

you follow on at the end of his talk; you side with him.

tàⁿ só-íⁿ-jiên khṳt-lṳ́-chai,

I will state the rationale of the case for your information.

uá tàⁿ-chhêng-iû khṳt-lṳ̀ phah-sǹg,

I will state the facts for you to decide.

bô-ūe kāng-i tàⁿ,

no words wherewith to speak with him.

lú-tũn-nâng tàⁿ,

fool’s talk; a stupid remark.

chhiáⁿ-tiām khṳt-uá-tàⁿ,

please be silent and allow me to say a word.

lṳ́ chièⁿ-seⁿ-tàⁿ huân-liáu ka-lô,

in so saying you are still a long way off.

chiàⁿ-tàⁿ, huán-toah-tàⁿ,

direct and inverted style.

tàⁿ-lâi m̄-tòng,

your talk don’t reach the point.

niēⁿ-lṳ́ ka-kī-tàⁿ,

I yield the floor to you, speak for yourself.

hṳ́-che̍k-kù i tie̍h-tàⁿ-tãng,

on that sentence he must lay stress.

siet-sái-tàⁿ,

a supposition; suppose I should say.

tàⁿ-ôi-ūe,

talking at random.

i tàⁿ-ūe tàⁿ-hiah,

when he had done talking.

tàⁿ-i kâi-ūe,

to say his words, i.e. to take his side; to quote from him.

lí,

right; reason; principle.

tõ-lí,

reason; doctrine.

chhêng-lí,

reason; propriety, &c.

ngī-lí,

a sound principle.

lṳ́ tàⁿ-lâi tie̍h-lí,

in speaking you attain reason, i.e. you have spoken rightly.

bô-lí à kàu ũ-lí,

being without reason, to argue until he has, i.e. specious argumentation.

bô-lí lūan-tãu,

without reason and yet babbling about doctrine.

bô-lí kāng i piẽn-poh,

no reasons wherewith to argue with him.

chièⁿ-seⁿ kâi tõ-lí chhông-lâi m̄-pat-thiaⁿ,

such doctrine we have never hitherto heard.

chí-kâi tõ-lí ĩ sin kâi tõ-lí,

this doctrine is a new one.

chí-kâi tõ-lí sĩ-ha̍h sĩ-mih iēⁿ-nâng?

this doctrine is suitable to what kind of people?

chí-kâi tõ-lí hó thok-chhéⁿ sĩ-mih-nâng?

this doctrine may be used to arouse what class of people?

m̄-sĩ chiàⁿ-lí--kâi,

it is not a correct principle.

in-lí lũn-kàu nâng sũn-ho̍k,

use arguments until people submit.

sueh,

to explain.

kói,

to unfold, kói-sueh, to unfold and explain.

sueh-mêng-pe̍h,

to explain clearly.

sueh m̄-mêng,

your explanation is not clear.

sueh chièⁿ-seⁿ chiũ-sĩ mêng-pe̍h, in explaining it so,

it is clear.

bô chí-kâi sueh

is no such explanation; not likely.

sueh-chhut i kâi sêng-chiēⁿ khí-ẽ,

to explain its connection with what precedes and follows.

sueh lân-ló,

explain a little, or explain briefly.

sueh iáu-chhién,

to explain rather superficially.

chiàⁿ-sueh, húan-sueh,

a direct and an inverted form of expression.

siáu-sueh,

a minute explanation.

o̍h siáu-sueh,

hard to explain minutely.

lṳ́ hó sueh iáu-khuah--chē,

explain it a little more fully.

lṳ́ hó sueh sòi-siâng,

explain it in detail.

pat sueh--kùe,

it has been explained.

thiah-sueh,

explain in detail (word by word, or clause by clause).

ha̍p-sueh,

explain in general.

sueh-khui,

to enlarge the scope of the explanation.

sueh-bûa,

to contract the„ scope of„ the„ explanation„.

hû-sueh,

an erroneous explanation.

pau; pau-kuat; pau-hâm,

to contain; to involve.

pau-kuat ke kâi-ì,

it contains another idea.

pau-kuat tõ-chí,

it is contained here in this.

pau-kuat chōi-chōi,

it involves a great deal.

pau-kuat iáu-chhién,

it implies rather less—not much.

che̍k-kù õi-pau-kuat lóng-chóng,

one expression comprises the whole.

só-àm-pau kâi-ì-sṳ̀,

an idedidea implied in it.

bô-só put-pau,

nothing that it does not comprehend.

àm chí-tie̍h,

an implied reference to.

thûan-tãu,

to proclaim doctrine.

piẽn-lũn tõ-lí,

discussing doctrine.

piẽn-kàu i bô-ìn-tap,

argued till he could not reply.

chí-kâi-sṳ̄ íⁿ-keng piẽn-mêng-pe̍h--liáu,

this method has already been shown clearly.

piẽn-tit mêng-pe̍h,

to argue clearly; attain clearness.

piáu-mêng tõ-lí,

to lay down a principle; set forth a doctrine,

ngí-lũn,

to deliberate; consult; discourse about.

hó-lâi ngí-lũn chí-kâi-sṳ̄,

let us come and consult about this matter.

jī-ke siang-lũn,

talking together about something.

piẽn-lũn kàu-nâng hâng-ho̍k,

argue till people submit.

chí-kâi-sṳ̄ khó-sìn,

this matter is credible.

chiá-sṳ̄ sìn-m̄-kùe,

this cannot be believed.

sìn-tit-kùe,

can be credited.

siang-sìn-i m̄-kùe,

cannot believe him.

siang-sìn sĩ-tò-chí,

believing lies here.

siang-sìn m̄-siang-sìn sĩ-tõ tî-kò?

wherein lies the believing or the not believing?

si̍t-chãi ũ-iáⁿ,

truly it is so; truly, there is some ground (shadow) for it.

m̄-chai ũ-iáⁿ a-bô,

do not know whether there is any ground for it or not.

hong-siaⁿ,

common report; rumor.

kṳ̃-nâng só-tàⁿ,

according to what people say.

chèng-nâng kâi-ì,

the idea of all; common opinion.

nâng-nâng chièⁿ-seⁿ tàⁿ,

every body says so.

poh,

to contradict; argue adversely; to object.

poh-mñg,

to ask a controverting question.

poh-i tàⁿ,

criticized him saying,—

piẽn-poh tàⁿ,

objected saying,—

ho̍k-ũ-nâng poh-mn̄g,

perhaps somebody will raise an objection.

piẽn-poh chha-niũ kâi-ūe,

specious or fallacious reasoning.

chí-kâi îⁿ-keng piẽn-poh liáu,

this has been confuted already.

kàu-taⁿ iā-ũ chí-nâng lâi piẽn-poh,

and, now, here comes this man to object.

poh-khiet,

to contradict.

m̄-hó poh-khùi,

not be disputed; must not be denied.

màiⁿ tō poh-khùi,

don’t be contradictory.

siet-sái tàⁿ,

a supposition.

siet-mn̄g kâi-ūe,

to suppose a question.

siet mn̄g-tap kâi-ūe,

to suppose a question and answer.

siet poh-mn̄g,

proposed an objection.

tò-mn̄g,

in reply.

tò-tàⁿ,

said in reply.

tin-tò-thâu tàⁿ,

say things wrong end foremost.

úa tin-tò mn̄g-lṳ́,

I would on the other hand ask you.

chò úa tin-tò mn̄g-lṳ́,

suppose I should, on the other hand, ask you.

à,

to dispute.

sie-à,

disputing together.

à-lâi à-khṳ̀,

disputing back and forth,

hàuⁿ-à,

fond of disputing.

i tõ-à,

he is disputing.

à-i m̄-kùe,

cannot out-argue him,

thèng-à,

argue at random.

pek-chhiet-à,

argued vehemently.

à iâⁿ--i,

beat him in argument.

à su--i,

beaten by him in argument.

chōi-nâng sie-hũ à,

many joined in the dispute.

i à tî-kâi?

what is he arguinyarguing about?

i à hôiⁿ-chîⁿ kai-sṳ̄,

he is disputing about a money payment.

sie-cheⁿ,

quarrelling together.

cheⁿ-lũn,

discussing.

i à-tàⁿ-bô,

he argued saying, it was not so.

bô lṳ́-à,

it is not for you to argue.

m̄-hó à,

it is not good to argue.

put-kùe sĩ hàuⁿ-à,

it is nothing more than fondness for dispute.

phah-sǹg,

to decide.

hó-lâi phah-sǹg,

come, let us decide.

chò-úa phah-sǹg,

as I should decide; if it were for me to decide.

pheⁿ-phah,

to decide; settle upon something.

thêng-uá pheⁿ-phah,

wait till I decide.

uá chú-ì chièⁿ-seⁿ,

that is my decision.

kuat-ì-chãi,

very decided.

huat-lo̍h hó--liáu,

the decision has been rendered.

kuaⁿ-hú phoi-tiāⁿ-tie̍h,

the official has given a definite decision.

chò-uá-siẽⁿ,

as I think; if it were for me to think.

i àm-siẽⁿ,

he thought within himself.

chip-ì,

holding on to his own opinion; bigoted; prejudiced.

chip-ì-chãi,

very bigoted; strongly prejudiced.

m̄-chip-lí,

does not hold to reason.

m̄-chip-huap,

does not adhere to law.

hó-chip-kín,

hold it firmly.

chí kâi-tõ-lí hó-chip-siú,

this doctrine it is well to hold and observe.

hó-chip-siú, mài-ka-laṳh,

hold, and observe, and don’t let it fall.

sũn-huap,

confromconform to law or usage.

sũn-nâng kâi-ì,

accord with people’s idea.

sũn-kui-kṳ́,

follow the custom.

chiá sĩ lṳ́-ka-kī pān--chhut-lâi,

this is a conjecture of your own.

lṳ́ chai-ta̍t uá tùi a-m̄-tùi,

do you reckon I am right or not?

uá pān-jie̍h-chōi,

I reckon so; I surmise that.

lṳ́ pān-jie̍h-chōi,

how much do you reckon.

phì-jũ,

a comparison; pestle; allegory.

chiá sĩ phì-jũ a-sĩ si̍t-sṳ̄? is this a comparison,

or an actual fact?

hó-lâi pí-chò sĩ-mih-kâi?

what shall I, in comparing, say it is (like)?

hó-phì-jũ chò sĩ-mih-mue̍h?

what thing shall I compare it to?

phì-jũ tàⁿ-uân--liáu, chiũ-tàⁿ si̍t-sṳ̄,

when the comparison is finished then I will speak of the actual circumstance.

hó-chiang sĩ-mih-mue̱h lâi-pí?

what thing shall I take to compare it with?

chiang thóiⁿ-kìⁿ--kâi, lâi-pí-jũ thóiⁿ-m̄-kìⁿ--kâi,

take the visible to illustrate the invisible.

soiⁿ tàⁿ-phì-jũ, ãu tàⁿ-si̍t-sṳ̄,

first state the illustration and then the facts.

bô-tháu-khùi kâi-mue̍h tò-chò ũ seⁿ-miāⁿ kâi-mue|h lâi tàⁿ,

to speak of an inanimate thing as if animate, i.e. to personify.

Sai-nái-suaⁿ sĩ pí-jũ hiēn-chãi kâi-sṳ̄,

Mt. Sinai illustrates the things of the present.

chang ne̍k-thói kâi-sṳ̄ lâi pí-jũ sim-leng kâi,

take the affairs of the body to illustrate the things of the spirit.

chiang-sòi lâi pí tōa--kâi,

use the small to illustrate the large.

íⁿ-sòi khài-ki̍p tōa,

take the small and symbolize the large.

pí chá-ji̍t--kâi iáu mêng-pe̍h,

as compared with yesterday he is more clear.

piáu-iēⁿ,

a symbol; illustration.

piáu-hō,

a symbol;„ illustration.„

siáu-iáⁿ,

a type; a shadow.

sái,

to cause.

só sái--kâi,

that which is caused.

sái-kàu,

to cause to come to pass.

sái-ēng,

to make use of.

àiⁿ sái-nâng mêng-hiáu,

will cause people to understand.

tì-kàu,

so that; to the end that.

i-kâi tì-khí,

its beginning; original cause of anything.

só-íⁿ,

therefore; the why of anything; sequence.

só-iû,

the whence of anything.

só-íⁿ--chiá,

the consequences; results,

só-íⁿ-jiên,

the natural consequences.

ũ-só-iû iā ũ-só-íⁿ,

there is a cause and there is an effect.

só-íⁿ chièⁿ-seⁿ,

and because it is so.

chí-kâi só-íⁿ jiên sĩ chò-nî?

the natural consequence then is what?

ũ sĩ-mih só-íⁿ?

what are the consequences?

seⁿ-jiên,

fixed; a matter of course.

kai-jiên,

of necessity; a matter of course.

ũ kâi sĩ seⁿ-jiên,

some are so naturally.

chièⁿ-seⁿ seⁿ íⁿ-jiên,

it is so naturally.

chṳ̃-jiên jṳ̂-jiên,

of necessity so; self-existent.

kúa-jiên; chṳ̃-jiên,

of course.

seⁿ-ngẽ; seⁿ tiāⁿ-tie̍h,

fixed; definite; unalterable.

lṳ́ kâi pēⁿ-chèng kâi só-íⁿ,

the cause of your disease.

lṳ́ só-íⁿ kâi pēⁿ-chèng sĩ chá-ji̍t sieⁿ-tie̍h huang,

the cause of your disease is that yesterday you caught cold.

taⁿ, – íⁿ-keng sĩ chièⁿ-seⁿ--liáu,

now, — since that’s the way things are.

i kai só-íⁿ õi kám-tõng-nâng,

that whereby it moves people; motive power.

chûn só-íⁿ mān chiá, sĩ-lṳ́ m̄-pat bói-chháu khṳ̀-uāng,

the reason why the boat is slow is, that you did not buy straw and scorch the bottom.

i m̄-thiaⁿ kâi-uân-kù sĩ-i chip-ka-kī kâi-ì,

the reason why he wouldn’t listen is because he clings to his own notion.

sǹg-lâi sǹg-khṳ̀,

considering the matter to and fro.

chièⁿ-seⁿ thóiⁿ-kìⁿ-lâi,

and so we may perceive.

chièⁿ-seⁿ khó-kièn,

and so it may be seen.

taⁿ, chiũ-khó-kièn sĩ-chò-nîⁿ?

now, then, that which may be perceived is what?

kù-chhṳ́ sǹg-khí-lâi,

and so I conclude.

phah-sǹg-thóiⁿ; tá-sǹg-thóiⁿ,

consider and note.

taⁿ, – sṳ̄ íⁿ-keng sĩ-chièⁿ-seⁿ--liáu – kù-chhṳ́,

now, — matters being thus and so, — therefore —.

mêng-mˆńg sĩ-chièⁿ-seⁿ,

obviously it is so.

o̍h-i kâi-ūe,

repeat or narrate his words.

o̍h-i kâi-lâi-le̍h,

narrate the circumstances of the affair, or tell its history.

o̍h-i kâi-khí-chí,

tell its beginning and ending.

o̍h-i kâi-uân-iû,

explain the cause or origin of it.

m̄-chai thâu-búe,

I don’t know head nor tail (of it).

m̄-chai thâu-sṳ̄,

I don’t know what the beginning of it was.

m̄-chai kiáu-búe,

I don’t know the issue or outcome of it.

i kâi kat-kúeⁿ,

its fruits; results.

i kâi suah-búe,

the issue; upshot.

sṳ̄-chhêng,

the circumstances; affairs.

uá liām-lṳ́-thiaⁿ,

I will narrate and you hear.

chiàⁿ-ì,

a right notion; a correct idea.

m̄-chiàⁿ-ì,

not a correct idea.

hó-ì,

a good motive.

m̄-chiàⁿ-iēⁿ,

not well formed; not a good manner.

kui-chiàⁿ--i,

set him right.

m̄-tùi,

not right; don’t correspond.

m̄-tùi-huap,

not according to rule.

chôiⁿ-ãu m̄-hû,

what precedes and what follows don’t correspond.

ha̍h-tie̍h soiⁿ-chai-nâng só-tàⁿ,

accords with what the prophet says.

bô che̍k-kiãⁿ m̄-tùi,

not an item that does not correspond.

lṳ́ só-tap hui uá só-mn̄g,

what you answer is not what I ask.

kiau lṳ́-chá só-tàⁿ m̄-hû,

with what you formerly said it does not agree.

m̄-hû-ha̍h lṳ́ tâng-chá tàⁿ,

does not agree with your speech a while ago.

tùi-jī,

correlatives.

tâng-lūi kâi-u̍eūe,

words of the some class; synonyms.

sie-tùi-mīn kâi ì-sṳ̀,

opposite signification.

iap-thiap kâi-ūe,

hinge words; capable of twofold meaning.

ì-sṳ̀ siang-thong,

ideas mutually connected,

nõ-sṳ̄ sie phit-phùe,

the two things match, or go well together.

siẽⁿ,

to think.

lṳ́ hó-siẽⁿ

think.

chhim-siẽⁿ,

thinking; a profound thought.

chhién-siẽⁿ

shallow thinking.

lṳ́ hó siẽⁿ-chhim--chē,

think a little deeper.

lṳ́ siẽⁿ m̄-chhim,

you don’t think deeply.

sòi-sim siẽⁿ,

think carefully.

gōu-siẽⁿ

err in thinking. ngà-siẽⁿ, a foolish notion.

lṳ́ siẽⁿ-chhò,

you think erroneously.

siẽⁿ-m̄-kàu thiet-tói,

you don’t think down to the bottom of it.

kiù-kàu chhim-ì-chãi,

to pry down very deeply into the subject.

chhién-chhién kâi-ì,

a very superficial thought.

ngî-jien,

necessarily so.

ngî-jiên kâi ìn-tap,

the answer is a matter of course.

eng-kai hun-pie̍t,

it is necessary to discriminate.

eng-kai piẽn-mêng,

it is necessary to show clearly.

hun-pie̍t m̄-pat tò-khṳ̀,

he does not, or did not, know how to discriminate.

khî-tang, eng-kai hun-pie̍t tî-kâi hó tî-kaikâi m̄-hó,

among them, it is necessary to distinguish which are good and which are not good.

khó-íⁿ chai,

so you may know.

chí-kâi-sṳ̄ íⁿ-keng chai--liáu,

this matter is known already.

ngûan-bûn só-tàⁿ,

that which the original text says.

chí-chièⁿ kâi chhiet-iàu sĩ tõ chí-che̍k-kù,

the essential point above is in this sentence.

chò-gāi,

to hinder.

ha̍h-lṳ́-thiaⁿ--mē?

is the statement acceptable? Will you listen?

só-chhông-chhut,

derived from.

sṳ̄ chò-nî phùan-tuàn?

how is the matter decided?

thûan-kàu múa-tî-kò,

promulgated every where.

kièn-sek chhién,

of superficial discernment.

pàng-tiāu--liáu,

relinquished,

la-kháu,

to brag.

bô-só-hiàng,

none to whom he may turn; without tendency.

kak-ũ só-hiàng,

every thing has its own tendency; each has its own proclivities.

ũ-lĩ só-tõ,

wherever his interest lies.

tán-kàu bô-huap-tie̍h,

when at length there is no resource.

bô sĩ-mih-sṳ̄ hó-khṳt-lṳ́ mán,

nothing for you to lay hold of.

chiá-sṳ̄ tî-nâng m̄-chai!

who is there that don’t know this!

pun-chãm,

to divide off in sections; make divisions.

lí chhim-àu,

the doctrine is profound.

chí-kâi-chũe kui-pàng tî-tiâng?

to whom shall this offense be imputed?

iû-chí kâi-sṳ̄ tì-khí,

from this affair had its origin.

ēng-i chò-uân-iû,

used him for a pretext.

siang-kuan-hī,

mutually connected,

siang-so̍k,

mutually related.

ũ-kang-la̍t,

it has energy.

liên-lo̍k,

linked together.

chiang-hok-im lâi-thiap tù chí-kâi lu̍t-huap,

use the Gospel to supplement the law.

nõ-kâi sie-tha̍h,

reduplicate.

jī-ke siang-niē,

neither would yield.

che̍k-nâng niē--chē, chiũ-hiah,

if one man would yield a little, the matter–then there would be an end of it.

i tak-thâu huaⁿ-hí,

he nodded his head in approval.

chièⁿ-seⁿ sĩ-gōu-tie̍h Iâ-so kâi-kong-lâu,

this is offending against the merits of Jesus.

thiaⁿ-i kâi-kháu-khì,

to listen and mark the spirit he is of.

chí-kâi taⁿ-tàⁿ sĩ-so̍k-tõ tî-tiâng?

this load of responsibility belongs to whom?

khí-ūe-thâu,

open the subject.

ūe-thâu ūe-búe,

introduction and conclusion; initial words and final words.

kiah-phùa i lân-ló,

to suggest to him « little ; give a hint.

thok-chhéⁿ i,

to arouse him. .

bô-chn̂g-kâi kâi i-tàⁿ,

did not tell him the whole of it.

tńg che̍k-pit,

to amplify a little; advance a step.

àm-ha̍h,

an unexpected coincidence.

ha̍h sī-mih ēng?

what use can be made of this?

chí sī chiap-chiēⁿ a-sī chiap-ẽ?

does it connect with what precedes or with what follows?

so̍k tõ-chiēⁿ a-sĩ so̍k-tõ-ẽ,

does it belong to what goes before or to what follows?

chiēⁿ-ẽ kùan-chhùan,

the passages above and below are mutually connected.

Iak-hân sĩ sùa-tie̍h huap-lu̍t a-sĩ sùa-tie̍h hok-im?

does John connect with the law or with the Gospel.

liên tõ chiēⁿ-kù iā liên ẽ-kù,

it is connected with what precedes and also with what follows.

i kâi sêng-chiēⁿ khí-ẽ,

its context.

hûan-iáu ũ-huap khó-íⁿ chheng-ngĩ,

there remains yet a way whereby one may be justified.

khǹg-kòi i hó-àiⁿ,

persuade him to it.

khǹg-kòi i hó-màiⁿ,

dissuade him from it.

tie̍h chãm-tàⁿ,

divide it up into sections.

hó-pun a,

divide into branches.

m̄-thàng-sṳ̄,

don’t fully apprehend things.

chiá sĩ-úa só-liāu m̄-kàu,

this is something I did not reckon on.

kùe i só-siẽⁿ,

beyond what he thought.

chí-kâi tõ-lí úa hán-ēng,

this precept is of limited use.

ha̍h-ēng,

it suits my purpose.

chí-tie̍h sĩ o̍ih,

of limited application.

chí-tie̍h sĩ-khùaⁿ,

of broad application.

chang-chúi tàⁿ chò-nâng,

to personify water as man.

chang-nâng tàⁿ chò-chúi,

to speak of man as water.

thòi-nâng siet-mn̄g,

to suppose a question put by another.

lâi sím-si̍t,

judge what is truth.

lâi-sím sĩ-hui,

discriminate between the true and false.

chang chí pêng-kṳ̃ lâi sím-chhat,

take this evidence and sift it.

tiâu-sùaⁿ jṳ̂-jṳ̂ kek-kiù kek-kiù,

a tangled thread all mixed up together.

uá thòiⁿ-chí-kâi mâuⁿ-pēⁿ kâi-uân-iû, sĩ

&c, I consider that the origin of this trouble is, &c.

chhok-tie̍h-khiàu,

stir up his faculties.

khiàu-thâu mé,

hi faculties are quick.

khiàu-thâu mān,

his faculties are slow.

ũ-che̍k-kiãⁿ tõ-lí chhok-tie̍h-uá kâi-khiàu,

a truth suggests itself to me.

chhui-chhut nguân-thâu kâi-ì-sṳ̀,

search out the original idea.

chhui-lũn chhut lâi,

to infer out,

chhui-lũn,

to infer; an inference.

só-chhui-lũn chhut--lâi-kâi,

something that was reached by inference.

káng-kiù kàu-thiet-tói,

to explain things to the bottom.

uá káng-kiù chí-kâi-chúi,

I am going to explain this (thing called) water.

sṳ̄ ũ-hṳ ũ-si̍t,

things have a shadow and a substance.

kiù-bûa,

to condense (in a discourse); a synthesis.

thiah-khui,

to expand or amplify (a subject); to analyse.

i kâi-kháu-keng,

his statements.

liãm-thâu,

thought; idea.

i kâi-ì-sṳ̀,

his purpose; his idea.

uá sim-siẽⁿ,

I think.

sim-liãm,

thoughts.

toaⁿ-toaⁿ sĩ-chí kâi-ì,

this idea only.

to-sim to-gî,

much perplexity.

chiá sĩ-sit-kṳ̃,

this is true testimony.

phou-pâi,

arrangement.

phou-pâi ì-sṳ̀,

to arrange his thoughts.

phou-pâi bô-mih-hó,

the arrangement is not good.

phou-pâi tie̍h-ũ-chôiⁿ, ũ-tang, ũ-ãu,

the arrangement must have a beginning a middle and an end.

sie-liên-lo̍k,

mutually connected; interdependent.

chí-nõ-kù bô-sie-chiap,

these two sentences have no connection.

ũ-sĩ-mih kuàn-chhùan?

what relationship is there between them?

bô--put-kùe sĩ-soiⁿ-ãu tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ,

none, except that one is before and the other after.

ha̍h-chò che̍k-ẽ-tàⁿ,

sum them up together.

liāu-phû liāu-phû,

to intimate.

ìn-tap mêng-pe̍h,

answer clearly.

hó ìn-tap,

a good reply.

ìn-tap khùe-chãi,

prompt at a reply.

ìn-tap õi kùe-nâng,

surpassing others in repartee.

ìn-tap tùi-tùi,

you have answered exactly.

é-kháu bô-ngân,

mouth stopped, not a word to say.

hûe-thâu siẽⁿ-tńg,

to reflect.

pêⁿ-ke ũ chhêng-lí,

reason on both sides.

m̄-káⁿ-ìn,

dare not reply.

i bô-ìn,

he made no answer.

tha̍k-chṳ--húe,

the literati.

tōa ha̍k-bûn kâi-nâng,

a man of great learning.

pá-ha̍k,

full of learning.

m̄-tèng-ì,

not applicable

thong-ēng,

of general use.

chhūe-pāng chhūe-khiah,

to hunt for a pretext.

būan-put-khó ûi,

never let it be.

sat i-kâi-chhùi,

stop his mouth.

hiau-khui,

to open a book.

chí-kâi-sṳ̄ hó-pàng che̍k-pôiⁿ siap-sî,

will lay this topic aside for a moment.

bõi-khṳt nín nge̍k--tie̍h,

you will not be allowed to oppose.

iû chṳ chhui-lũn chhut-lâi,

inferred from a book statement.

m̄-chai siẽⁿ i-kâi-ì sĩ hó-ì, a-sĩ ak-ì,

you do not consider whether his motive is a good one or a bad one.

chí-chiẽⁿ só-tàⁿ che̍k-kù kâi ì-sṳ̀ sĩ chièⁿ-seⁿ,

the idea of the above sentence is this,

bûn-sì,

thread of a discourse.

bûn-sì tàⁿ būe-uân seⁿ ũ chhut-lâi,

before the thread of his discourse was finished, there issued, &c.

lũn chí-kâi-sṳ̄ sĩ chûn chhiet-iàu a-sĩ nâng chhiet-iàu,

as regards this matter, is the boat of more importance or is the man.

taⁿ, chí-che̍k-ngân,

now, this word (just quoted).

taⁿ, chí-kâi khiam-sùn,

now, this subject of humility.

i ũ, chiang i kâi-ũ lâi-tàⁿ,

if he has, then speak according to what he has.

ũ bô, chiang i kâi-bô lâi-tàⁿ,

if he has not then speak according to what he has not.

chí-kâi-sṳ̄ kan-gāi--tie̍h,

this matter interferes.

chí sĩ chèng-nâng tàⁿ--kâi,

this is what every body says.

tãi-huãm,

in general.

só m̄-eng-kai,

that which is unnecessary.

mién-gî,

no doubt.

sùa lo̍h-khṳ̀ lân-ló,

proceed down a little further (as in reading).

nín tha̍k sie-sùa sie-sùa,

read one after the other.

tha̍k-ũ-kù ũ-tāu,

read so as to mark the sentences and the clauses.

lṳ́ tàⁿ-ūe tie̍h-hiáng-liãng hiáng-liãng,

let your speaking be clear and distinct.

lṳ́ tàⁿ-ūe sĩ-khang-khang,

your words are empty.

chhūe-phêng-kṳ̃ chhut--lâi,

to hunt out testimony.

thiaⁿ-tie̍h, sóng-khùai,

interesting to hear.

thâu-che̍k-kiãⁿ, jī-che̍k-kiãⁿ, saⁿ-che̍k-kiãⁿ,

firstly, secondly, thirdly.

chãm-thâu,

beginning of a section,

thâu-che̍k-chãm, jī-che̍k-chãm,

first division, second division.

i bô chí-mêng i kâi-ì-sṳ̀,

did not indicate clearly that he meant.

bô chí-mêng i sĩ sin-seⁿ,

did not indicate clearly that he was a teacher.

cha̍h-thâu cha̍h-búe,

interrupting.

---