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VII
CONTENTS. VI. Stabilization and Climax—Cont.
V
The Climax
- Concept 105
- Nature 106
- Relation to succession 106
- Kinds of climaxes 107
- Subclimaxes 107
- Potential climaxes 108
- Changes of climate 109
- Preclimax and postclimax 109
- Changes of climax 110
Structures and Units of Vegetation
Development and Structure
- Relation 111
- Kinds of structure 111
- Zonation 111
- Relations of climax zones 113
- Significance of alternation 115
- Developmental relation of layers 115
- Relation of seasonal aspects 116
The Units of Vegetation
Historical Summary:
- The formation concept 116
- Grisebach's concept of the formation 116
- Drude's concept 117
- Clements's concept 118
- Moss's concept 118
- Schröter's concept 119
- Gradmann's concept 119
- Warming's concept 120
- Negri's concept 122
- Correlation of divergent views 122
- Significance of development 123
- Earlier suggestions of developmental view 123
The Formation:
- Developmental concept of the formation 124
- Analysis of the formation 125
- Formation units 125
- Formation 126
- Names of formations 127
Climax Units:
- Association 128
- Consociation 129
- Society 130
- Bases 131
- Kinds of societies 132
- Aspect societies 132
- Layer societies 133
- Cryptogamic societies 133
- Terminology 133
- Changes of rank or dominance 134
- Clan 134
Seral Units:
- Nature and significance 135
- Associes 136
- Consocies 137
- Socies 138
- Colony 138
- Family 139
- Summary of units 139
- Mixed communities 139
- Nomenclature of units 140
- Formation groups 142
- Bases 143
- Developmental groups 143
Direction of Development
- Development always progressive 145
- Nature of regression 145
- Course of development 146
- Regression and retrogression 146
- Nilsson's view 146
- Cowles's view 147
- Cajander's view 149
- Sernander's view 149
- Moss's view 150
- Hole's view 154
- Conversion of forest 155
- Status of forest in Britain 156
- Artificial conversion 157
- Graebner's studies: Conversion of forest to heath 157
- Conversion of forest into moor 159
- Causes of conversion 161
- Possibility of backward development 162
- Degeneration 163
- Regeneration 163
- Correlation of progressive developments 164
- Convergence 165
- Normal movement 166
- Divergence 167
Classification of Seres
- Historical 168
- Clements's system 168
- Normal and anomalous succession 169
- Primary and secondary succession 169
- Cowles's system 171
- Possible bases of classification 175
- Developmental basis of classification 175
- Initial areas and causes 176
- Relative importance of bases 177
- The climax as a basis 177
- Recognition of climax areas 177
- Climaxes of North American vegetation 179
- Subclimaxes 180
- Relationship of climaxes 180
- Names of climaxes 181
- Priseres and subseres 182
- Hydroseres and xeroseres 182
- Phylogenetic system 183
Climax Formations of North America
- Classification 184
The Deciduous Forest Climax
- Prisere 184
- Hydrosere 184
- Xerosere 203
- Subsere 212
The Prairie-Plains Climax
- Prisere 214
- Xerosere 214
- Hydrosere 220
- Subsere 221
The Cordilleran Climaxes
- Priseres 225
- Subseres 226
