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CONTENTS. CONTENTS.
VIII
PAGE.
PAGE.
X. Climax Formations or North America—Cont.
XII. Past Climates and Climaxes— Cont.
- Desert Climaxes
- Southeastern Climaxes
Succession in Eurasia
- Scandinavia
- Britain
- Middle Europe
- Russia
- Mediterranean region
- Tropics and subtropics
Past Climates and Climaxes
Interpretation
- Interpretation of past vegetations 279
- Methods of interpretation 280
Vegetation Eras
- Criteria 283
- Evidence from the method of sequence 286
- Division into eras 288
- Saporta's table of eras and periods 288
- Relation of vegetation era and eosere 289
- Comparison of geologic and vegetation eras 289
The Plant Record
- Nature 290
- Strates and stases 291
- The strate 292
- Kinds of strates 293
- The stase 293
- Water stases 294
- Kinds of stases 295
- Relations of strate and stase 295
- Relation to stratigraphic units 296
- Relation to succession 297
Deformation and Gradation
- Processes 297
- Nature of deformation 298
- Great periodic movements of deformation 298
- Sequences of deformation 299
- Permian deformation 300
- The circulation sequence 300
- The gradation sequence 300
- The climatic sequence 301
- The deformation cycle 302
- The series of deformation cycles 304
- Deformation and unconformity 305
- Correlation of climates 306
- Effects upon vegetation 307
- The cycle of erosion 307
- Relation to vegetation 309
Past Climates
- Interpretation 312
- Evidence of past climates and changes 313
- Geologic evidence 313
- Salt and gypsum 314
- Red beds 314
- Terraces 315
- Fluctuations of lake levels 316
Botanic Evidence
- Plant fossils 317
- Successional evidences 317
- Evidence from stases 318
- Evidence from annual rings 318
Zooic Evidence
- Animal fossils 319
- Culture relicts 319
Causes of Climatic Changes
- Kinds of causes 320
- The deformational hypothesis 321
- The volcanic hypothesis 322
- The solar hypothesis 325
- Kullmer's law of the shift of the storm-track 326
- The cyclonic solar hypothesis 327
- Relative value of causes 327
- Coincidence of causes 328
Climatic Cycles
- Relation of changes and cycles 329
- Kinds of cycles 330
- Arotowski's cycle of 2½ years 330
- The 11-year sun-spot cycle 332
- Sun-spot maxima and minima from 1750 to 1913 333
- Table of maximum and minimum years, 1610 to 1913 334
- Nature of sun-spots 334
- Effects of sun-spots upon climate 334
- Douglass's 21-year cycle 336
- Brückner's 35-year cycle 336
- Major sun-spot cycles 337
- Volcanic cycles 338
- Deformational cycles 339
The Series of Climax Cycles
- Correlation of cycles 339
- Table of climatic cycles 340
- Spatial differentiation of climates 341
Correlation of Climatic Cycles and Succession
- General relations 342
- Responses of vegetation 342
- Relation to the different climatic cycles 343
Past Succession: The Ceneosere
General Principles
- Phylogeny and ontogeny 344
- Recapitulation 345
- Geosere and eosere 346
- Clisere 347
- Cosere 348
- Correlations of seres 349
- Processes and principles of past succession 349
