The Boy Travellers in the Russian Empire

by Thomas Wallace Knox

Sleigh Ride in Russia

THEBOYTRAVELLERSIN

 

THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

 

ADVENTURES OF TWO YOUTHS IN A JOURNEY IN

EUROPEAN AND ASIATIC RUSSIA, WITH ACCOUNTS OF A TOUR ACROSS SIBERIA
VOYAGES ON THE AMOOR, VOLGA, AND OTHER RIVERS, A VISIT TO
CENTRAL ASIA, TRAVELS AMONG THE EXILES, AND A HISTORICAL
SKETCH OF THE EMPIRE FROM ITS FOUNDATION
TO THE PRESENT TIME

 

By THOMAS W. KNOX

 

Illustrated

 

NEW YORK
HARPER & BROTHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE
1887

By THOMAS W. KNOX.

———

THE BOY TRAVELLERS IN THE FAR EAST. Five Volumes Copiously Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth, $3 00 each. The volumes sold separately. Each volume complete in itself.

1. Adventures of Two Youths in a Journey to Japan and China.
2. Adventures of Two Youths in a Journey to Siam and Java. With Descriptions of Cochin-China, Cambodia, Sumatra, and the Malay Archipelago.
3. Adventures of Two Youths in a Journey to Ceylon and India. With Descriptions of Borneo, the Philippine Islands, and Burmah.
4. Adventures of Two Youths in a Journey to Egypt and Palestine.
5. Adventures of Two Youths in a Journey through Africa.

—

THE BOY TRAVELLERS IN SOUTH AMERICA.
Adventures of Two Youths in a Journey through Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentine Republic, and Chili; with Descriptions of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, and Voyages upon the Amazon and La Plata Rivers. Copiously Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth, $3 00.

—

THE BOY TRAVELLERS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE.
Adventures of Two Youths in a Journey in European and Asiatic Russia, with Accounts of a Tour across Siberia, Voyages on the Amoor, Volga, and other Rivers, a Visit to Central Asia, Travels Among the Exiles, and a Historical Sketch of the Empire from its Foundation to the Present Time. Copiously Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth, $3 00.

—

THE VOYAGE OF THE "VIVIAN" TO THE NORTH POLE AND BEYOND. Adventures of Two Youths in the Open Polar Sea. Copiously Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth, $2 50.

—

HUNTING ADVENTURES ON LAND AND SEA. Two Volumes. Copiously Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth, $2 50 each. The volumes sold separately. Each volume complete in itself.

1. The Young Nimrods in North America.
2. The Young Nimrods Around the World.

———

Published by Harper & Brothers, New York.

☞Any of the above volumes sent by mail, postage prepaid, to any part of the United States or Canada, on receipt of the price.

 

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Copyright, 1886, by Harper & Brothers.—All rights reserved.

PREFACE.

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IN preparing this volume for the press, the author has followed very closely the plan adopted for "The Boy Travellers in the Far East," and also for his more recent work, "The Boy Travellers in South America." Accompanied by their versatile and accomplished mentor, Dr. Bronson, our young friends, Frank Bassett and Fred Bronson, journeyed from Vienna to Warsaw and St. Petersburg, and after an interesting sojourn in the latter city, proceeded to Moscow, the ancient capital of the Czars. From Moscow they went to Nijni Novgorod, to attend the great fair for which that city is famous, and thence descended the Volga to the Caspian Sea. On their way down the great river they visited the principal towns and cities along its banks, saw many strange people, and listened to numerous tales and legends concerning the races which make up the population of the great Muscovite Empire.

They visited the recently developed petroleum fields of the Caspian, and, after crossing that inland sea, made a journey in Central Asia to study certain phases of the "Eastern Question," and learn something about the difficulties that have arisen between England and Russia. Afterwards they travelled in the Caucasus, visited the Crimea, and bade farewell to the Empire as they steamed away from Odessa. Concerning the parts of Russia that they were unable to visit they gathered much information, and altogether their notes, letters, and memoranda would make a portly volume.

The author has been three times in the Russian Empire, and much of the country described by "The Boy Travellers" was seen and traversed by him. In his first journey he entered the Czar's dominions at Petropavlovsk in Kamtchatka, ascended the Amoor River through its entire navigable length, traversed Siberia from the Pacific Ocean to the Ural Mountains, and continuing thence to Kazan, Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Warsaw, left the protection of the Russian flag eleven thousand miles from where he first went beneath it. His second visit included the Crimea and other regions bordering the Black Sea, and his third was confined to Finland and other Baltic provinces.

In addition to his personal observations in Russia, the author has drawn upon the works of others. Many books of Russian travel and history have been examined; some of them have been mentioned in the text of the narrative, but it has not been practicable to refer to all. Indebtedness is hereby acknowledged to the following books: "Free Russia," by Hepworth Dixon; "Turkestan" and "Life of Peter the Great," by Hon. Eugene Schuyler; "A Ride to Khiva," by Col. Fred Burnaby; "Campaigning on the Oxus, and the Fall of Khiva," by J. A. Macgahan; "Life of Peter the Great" and "Life of Genghis Khan," by Jacob Abbott; The Siberian Overland Route," by Alexander Michie; "Tent-life in Siberia," by George Kennan; "Reindeer, Dogs, and Snow-shoes," by Richard J. Bush; "The Invasion of the Crimea," by A. W. Kinglake; "Fred Markham in Russia," by W. H. G. Kingston; "The Knout and the Russians," by G. De Lagny; "The Russians at the Gates of Herat" and "The Region of the Eternal Fire," by Charles Marvin; "Travels in the Regions of the Upper and Lower Amoor" and "Oriental and Western Siberia," by Thomas W. Atkinson; and "The Russians at Home," by Sutherland Edwards. The author has also drawn upon several articles in Harper's Magazine, including his own series describing his journey through Siberia.

The publishers have kindly permitted the use of illustrations from their previous publications on the Russian Empire, in addition to those specially prepared for this book. As a result of their courtesy, the author has been able to present a "copiously illustrated" book, which is always a delight to the youthful eye.

T. W. K.

CONTENTS.

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CHAPTER I.	PAGE
Departure from Vienna.—Frank's Letter.—A Farewell Promenade.—From Vienna to Cracow.—The Great Salt-mine of Wieliczka, and what was seen there.—Churches and Palaces Underground.—Voyage on a Subterranean Lake.	15
CHAPTER II.
Leaving Cracow.—The Russian Frontier.—The Police and the Custom-house—Russian Censorship of Books and Papers.—Catching a Smuggler.—From the Frontier to Warsaw.—Sights and Incidents in the Capital of Poland.—From Warsaw to St. Petersburg.	40
CHAPTER III.
In the Streets of St. Petersburg.—Isvoshchiks and Droskies.—Counting in Russian.—Passports and their Uses.—On the Nevski Prospect.—Visiting the Church of Kazan.—The Russo-Greek Religion.—Unfavorable Position of St. Petersburg.—Danger of Destruction.—Great Inundation of 1824.—Statue of Peter the Great.—Admiralty Square.—The Sailors and the Statue.	58
CHAPTER IV.
Dinner in a Russian Restaurant.—Cabbage Soup, Fish Pies, and other odd Dishes.—The "Samovar" and its Uses.—Russian Tea-drinkers.—"Joltai Chai."—Alexander's Column.—Fortress of Sts. Peter and Paul.—Imperial Assassinations.—Sketches of the People.—Russian Police and their Ways.	76
CHAPTER V.
Number and Character of the Russian People.—Pan-Slavic Union.—St. Isaac's Church: its History and Description.—The Winter Palace and the Hermitage.—Sights in the Palace.—Catherine's Rules for her Receptions.—John Paul Jones in Russia.—The Crown Jewels and the Orloff Diamond.—Anecdotes of the Emperor Nicholas.—Relics of Peter the Great.—From Palace to Prison.—Tombs of Russia's Emperors.—A Monument and an Anecdote.	93
CHAPTER VI.
The Gostinna Dvor: its Extent and Character.—Peculiarity of Russian Shopping.—Curious Customs.—Old-clothes Market.—Hay-market.—Pigeons in Russian Cities.—Frozen Animals.—Church and Monastery of St. Alexander Nevski.—A Persian Train.—A Coffin of Solid Silver.—The Summer Garden.—Speaking to the Emperor.—Kriloff and his Fables.—Visit to a Russian Theatre.—"A Life for the Czar."—A Russian Comedy.	110
CHAPTER VII.
Newspapers in Russia: their Number, Character, and Influence.—Difficulties of Editorial Life.—The Censorship.—An Excursion to Peterhof, Oranienbaum, and Cronstadt.—Sights in the Summer Palace.—Cronstadt and the Naval Station.—The Russian Navy.—The Russian Army: its Composition and Numbers.—The Cossacks.—Anecdotes of Russian Military Life.	130
CHAPTER VIII.
Visiting the University of St. Petersburg.—Education in Russia.—Primary and other Schools.—The System of Instruction.—Recent Progress in Educational Matters.—Universities in the Empire: their Number and Location.—Religious Liberty.—Treatment of the Jews.—The Islands of the Neva, and what was seen there.—In a "Traktir."—Bribery Among Russian Officials.	150
CHAPTER IX.
Studies of St. Petersburg.—Mujiks.—"The Imperial Nosegay."—A Short History of Russian Serfdom: its Origin, Growth, and Abuses.—Emancipation of the Serfs.—Present Condition of the Peasant Class.—Seeing the Emperor.—How the Czar appears in Public.—Public and Secret Police: their Extraordinary Powers.—Anecdotes of Police Severity.—Russian Courts of Law.	172
CHAPTER X.
Winter in Russia.—Fashionable and other Furs.—Sleighs and Sledges.—No Sleigh-bells in Russian Cities.—Official Opening of the Neva.—Russian Ice-hills.—"Butter-week."—Kissing at Easter.—An Active Kissing-time.—Russian Stoves and Baths.—Effects of Severe Cold.—The Story of the Frozen Nose.—How Men are Frozen to Death.	193
CHAPTER XI.
Leaving St. Petersburg.—Novgorod the Great: its History and Traditions.—Rurik and his successors.—Barbarities of John the Terrible.—Early History of Russia.—An Imperial Bear-hunt.—Origin of the House of Romanoff.—"A Life for the Czar."—Railways in Russia from Novgorod to Moscow.	211
CHAPTER XII.
First Impressions of Moscow.—Undulations of the Ground.—Irregularity of the Buildings, and the Cause thereof.—Napoleon's Campaign in Russia.—Disaster and Retreat.—The Burning of Moscow.—The Kremlin: its Churches, Treasures, and Historical Associations.—Anecdotes of Russian Life.—The Church of St. Basil.	230
CHAPTER XIII.
The Great Theatre of Moscow.—Operatic Performances.—The Kitai Gorod and Gostinna Dvor.—Romanoff House and the Romanoff Family.—Sketch of the Rulers of Russia.—Anecdotes of Peter the Great and others.—Church of the Saviour.—Mosques and Pagodas.—The Museum.—Riding-school.—Suhareff Tower.—Traktirs.—Old Believers.—The Sparrow Hills and the Simonoff Monastery.	252
CHAPTER XIV.
A Visit to the Troitska Monastery, and what was seen there.—Curious Legends.—Monks at Dinner.—European Fairs.—The Great Fair at Nijni Novgorod.—Sights and Scenes.—Minin's Tomb and Tower.—Down the Volga by Steamboat.—Steam Navigation on the great River.—Kazan, and what was seen there.—The Route to Siberia.	271
CHAPTER XV.
Avatcha Bay, in Kamtchatka.—Attack upon Petropavlovsk by the Allied Fleet.—Dogs and Dog-driving.—Rapid Travelling with a Dog-team.—Population and Resources of Kamtchatka.—Reindeer and their Uses.—The Amoor River.—Native Tribes and Curious Customs.—Tigers in Siberia.—Navigation of the Amoor.—Overland Travelling in Siberia.—Riding in a Tarantasse.—A Rough Road.—An Amusing Mistake.—From Stratensk to Nertchinsk.—Gold-mining in Siberia.	289
CHAPTER XVI.
The Exiles of Siberia.—The Decembrists and their Experience.—Social Position of Exiles.—Different Classes of Exiles and their Sentences.—Criminals and Politicals.—Degrees of Punishment.—Perpetual Colonists.—How Exiles Travel.—Lodging-houses and Prisons.—Convoys.—Thrilling Story of an Escape from Siberia.—Secret Roads.—How Peasants treat the Exiles.—Prisoners in Chains.	313
CHAPTER XVII.
Character of the Siberian Population.—Absence of Serfdom, and its Effect.—A Russian Fête.—Amusements of the Peasantry.—Courtship and Marriage.—Curious Customs.—Whipping a Wife.—Overland through Siberia again.—Chetah and the Bouriats.—In a Bouriat Village.—Verckne Udinsk.—Siberian Robbers.—Tea-trains and Tea-trade.—Kiachta.—Lodged by the Police.—Trade between Russia and China.	334
CHAPTER XVIII.
General Aspects of Mai-mai-chin.—Dinner with a Chinese Governor.—A Theatrical Performance.—Lake Baikal: its Remarkable Features.—A Wonderful Ride.—Irkutsk: its Population, Size, and Peculiarities.—Social Gayeties.—Preparations for a long Sleigh-ride.—List of Garments.—Varieties of Sleighs.—Farewell to Irkutsk.—Sleighing Incidents.—Food on the Road.—Siberian Mails.—Advantages of Winter Travelling.—Sleighing on bare Ground.—A Snowless Region.—Krasnoyarsk.	354
CHAPTER XIX.
Position and Character of Krasnoyarsk.—A Lesson in Russian Pronunciation.—Market Scene.—Siberian Trees.—The "Oukhaba."—A New Sensation.—Road-fever and its Cause.—An Exciting Adventure with Wolves.—How Wolves are Hunted.—From Krasnoyarsk to Tomsk.—Steam Navigation in Siberia.— Barnaool.—Mines of the Altai.—Tigers and Tiger Stories.—The "Bouran."—Across the Baraba Steppe.—Tumen and Ekaterineburg.—From Europe to Asia—Perm, Kazan, and Nijni Novgorod.—End of the Sleigh-ride.	377
CHAPTER XX.
Down the Volga again.—Russian Reception Ceremony.—Simbirsk, Samara, and Saratov.—German Settlers on the Volga.—Don Cossacks.—Astrachan.—Curious Population.—Voyage on the Caspian Sea.—The Caspian Petroleum Region.—Tank-steamers.—Interesting Facts and Figures of the New Petrolia.—Present Product of the Baku Oil-fields.—Excursion to Balakhani, and Visit to the Oil-wells.—Temples of the Fire-worshippers.—Antiquity of the Caspian Petroleum Region.—Marco Polo and other Authorities.	403
CHAPTER XXI.
Glance at Central Asia.—Russian Conquest in Turkestan.—War and Diplomacy among the Kirghese Tribes.—Russian Taxes and their Ccollection.—Turcoman and Kirghese Raids.—Prisoners sold into Slavery.—Fortified Villages and Towers of Refuge.—Commerce in Turkestan.—Jealousy of Foreigners.—Travels of Vambéry and Others.—Vambéry's Narrow Escape.—Turcoman Character.—Payments for Human Heads.—Marriage Customs among the Turcomans.—Extent and Population of Central Asia.	428
CHAPTER XXII.
Frank and Fred in the Turcoman Country.—The Trans-Caspian Railway.—Skobeleff's Campaign, and the Capture of Geok Tepé.—English Jealousy of Russian Advances.—Rivers of Central Asia.—The Oxus and Jaxartes.—Agriculture by Irrigation.—Khiva, Samarcand, and Bokhara.—A Ride on the Trans-Caspian Railway.—Statistics of the Line.—Kizil Arvat, Askabad, and Sarakhs.—Route to Herat and India.—Turcoman Devastation.—The Afghan Boundary Question.—How Merv was Captured.—O'Donovan and MacGahan: their Remarkable Journeys.—Railway Route from England to India.—Return to Baku.	451
CHAPTER XXIII.
Baku to Tiflis.—The Capital of the Caucasus.—Mountain Travelling.—Crossing the Range.—Petroleum Locomotives.—Batoum and its Importance.—Trebizond and Erzeroom.—Sebastopol and the Crimea.—Short History of the Crimean War.—Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78.—Battles in the Crimea and Siege of Sebastopol.—Visiting the Malakoff and Redan Forts.—View of the Battle-fields.—Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava.—Present Condition of Sebastopol.—Odessa.—Arrival at Constantinople.—Frank's Dream.—The End.	480

ILLUSTRATIONS.

1. Winter Scene in Russia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   Frontispiece.

2. PAGE

3. Fred's Reminder ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   15

4. St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   16

5. View of the Palace of Cracow ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   17

6. Kosciusko, 1777 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   18

7. Kosciusko, 1817 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   19

8. Church of St. Mary, Cracow ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   20

9. Polish Jew of high Rank ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   21

10. Polish Jews of the Middle Class ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    22

11. Our Guide in Costume ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    23

12. The Inspector-general ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    24

13. The Shaft ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    26

14. Descending the Shaft ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    27

15. Lamp-bearers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    28

16. A Foot-path ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    29

17. An Underground Chapel ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    31

18. Men Cutting Salt in the Mine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    32

19. Finishing the Columns ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    33

20. Subterranean Stables ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    34

21. A Mining Singer ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    35

22. "Glück-auf!" ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    36

23. Fête in the Grand Saloon of Entertainment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    37

24. A Retired Director ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    38

25. Outer Wall of Cracow ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    40

26. Custom-house Formalities ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    41

27. Passport not Correct ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    42

28. In the Passport Bureau ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    43

29. Way Station on the Railway ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    45

30. Before Examination ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    46

31. After Examination ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    47

32. Scene on the Railway ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    48

33. Shutes for loading Coal on the Railway ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    49

34. Polish National Costumes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    50

35. Peasant's Farm-house ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    51

36. Royal Palace at Warsaw ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    52

37. Shrine at a Gate-way ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    53

38. Lake in the Park ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    54

39. A Business Man of Warsaw ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    55

40. In St. Petersburg ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    56

41. Isvoshchiks in Winter ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    59

42. Drosky Drivers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    60

43. Sledge of a high Official ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    63

44. Russian Workmen on their way Home ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    65

45. Russian Officer with Decorations ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    66

46. A Russian Priest ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    68

47. Convent of Solovetsk in the Frozen Sea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    71

48. The Inundation of 1824 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    72

49. Statue of Peter the Great ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    73

50. Improvising a Statue ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    75

51. Tea-sellers in the Streets ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    77

52. Russian Restaurant at the Paris Exposition ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    78

53. An Out-door Tea-party ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    79

54. Russian Mujiks drinking Tea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    81

55. Plant from which Yellow Tea is made ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    82

56. Column in Memory of Alexander I ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    83

57. Peter the Great ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    85

58. Assassination of Peter III ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    87

59. Paul I ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    88

60. Russian and Finn ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    89

61. Dvornik and Postman ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    90

62. Lodgings at the Frontier ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    91

63. Ordered to leave Russia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    92

64. Finland Peasants in Holiday Costume ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    94

65. Inhabitants of Southern Russia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    95

66. St. Isaac's Church and Admkalty Square ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    96

67. Priest of the Church of St. Isaac ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    98

68. Catherine II. of Russia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    99

69. Reception of John Paul Jones by the Empress Catherine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    101

70. Russian Attack on the Turkish Galley ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    103

71. The Orloff Diamond ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    104

72. Nicholas I ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    105

73. Peter III ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    106

74. Circassian Arms as Trophies of Battle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    107

75. Statue of Nicholas I ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    108

76. Politeness in the Market-place ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    111

77. Importuning a Visitor ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    113

78. Frozen Animals in the Market ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    114

79. Market for old Clothes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    116

80. Pigeons in a Russian City ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    118

81. Persian Horses presented by the Shah ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    119

82. Russian Peasant Girl ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    120

83. Russian Nurse-maid and Children ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    121

84. Some of Kriloff's Friends ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    122

85. Kriloff's Characters in Convention ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    123

86. The Fox as a Law-giver ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    126

87. One of Kriloff's Characters ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    127

88. Closing Scene in a Russian Play ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    128

89. Kriloff's Statue in the Summer Garden, St. Petersburg ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    129

90. Press-room of a Daily Newspaper ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    131

91. Interviewing an Editor ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    132

92. Prince Gortchakoff ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    133

93. Cabinet and Chair in the Palace ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    135

94. Illumination in a Russian Park ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    136

95. Tapestry and Fire Utensils at Peterhof ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    137

96. Door-way of Peter's House at Zaandam, Holland ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    138

97. A Student of Navigation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    139

98. Steam Frigate near Cronstadt ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    140

99. Frigate under Sail and Steam ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    141

100. The Dreadnought—type of the Peter the Great ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     142

101. The Russian Army—Regular Troops ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     143

102. Cossack Lancers and Russian Guard-house ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     144

103. The Russian Army—Irregular Troops ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     146

104. Grand-duke Michael ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     148

105. Iron-clad Steamer of the Baltic Fleet ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     149

106. Little Folks at School ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     151

107. Learning to Weave ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     152

108. Mineral Cabinet in the University ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     153

109. Parlor in a High-school for Women ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     155

110. Private Room of a wealthy Student ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     156

111. Lower Recitation-room ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     157

112. One of the Professors ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     158

113. Descending a Shaft ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     159

114. Galleries in a Mine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     160

115. In the Library ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     161

116. A College Dormitory ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     162

117. Jewish Burial-ground ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     163

118. Clothes-dealer of Moscow ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     164

119. A Russian Troika ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     165

120. A Villa on the Island ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     166

121. A Russian Family ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     167

122. Culprit Street-sweepers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     169

123. A Business Transaction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     170

124. Peter the Great dressed for Battle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     171

125. An Imperial Nosegay ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     173

126. Mujiks playing Cards ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     174

127. Peasant's House in Southern Russia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     176

128. Peasants' Huts ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     178

129. Esthonian Peasants ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     179

130. Alexander II., the Liberator of the Serfs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     181

131. Alexander III., Emperor of Russia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     182

132. Battle between Russians and Circassians ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     184

133. Schamyl's Village in the Caucasus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     185

134. The Empress Marie Féodorovna, Wife of Alexander III ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     186

135. Russian Peasants at their Recreation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     187

136. "Who is the Spy?" ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     189

137. Officers sitting in Judgment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     191

138. Russian Grand-duke and Grand-duchess ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     192

139. Fur-bearing Seals ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     194

140. Sea-otter ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     195

141. The Beaver ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     195

142. The Ermine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     196

143. The Raccoon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     196

144. Russian Ice-hills ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     198

145. Soldiers off Duty—Butter-week ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     199

146. The Easter Kiss—agreeable ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     200

147. The Easter Kiss—in the Family ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     200

148. The Easter Kiss—difficult ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     201

149. The Easter Kiss—disagreeable ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     201

150. The Emperor's Easter Kiss ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     203

151. Peasant Girl in Winter Dress ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     204

152. A Bath in the East ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     206

153. Russian Street Scene in Winter ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     208

154. Lost in a Snow-storm ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     210

155. Workmen of Novgorod—Glazier, Painter, and Carpenters ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     212

156. An Old Norse Chief ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     213

157. View on the Steppe ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     216

158. Ivan the Terrible ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     217

159. Alexis Michailovitch, Father of Peter the Great ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     219

160. Michael Feodorovitch, First Czar of the Romanoff Family ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     220

161. Too near to be pleasant ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     221

162. Wolf attacking its Hunters ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     222

163. Old Picture in the Church ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     224

164. A Bishop of the Greek Church ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     225

165. Millennial Monument at Novgorod ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     227

166. Russian Boats ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     228

167. Portrait of Catherine II. in the Kremlin Collection ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     229

168. Street Scene in Moscow ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     231

169. Bivouacking in the Snow ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     232

170. Battle between French and Russians ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     233

171. Napoleon Retreating from Moscow ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     235

172. Alexander I ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     236

173. View in the Kremlin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     237

174. A Prisoner ordered to Execution ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     238

175. The Kremlin of Moscow ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     239

176. The Great Bell underground ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     240

177. Visiting the Great Bell ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     241

178. Empress Anne ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     242

179. The Empress Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     243

180. Coronation of Alexander III ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     245

181. Peter II ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     246

182. Bishop in his Robes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     247

183. Great Gun at Moscow ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     249

184. The Cathedral at Moscow ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     250

185. Napoleon's Retreat from Moscow ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     251

186. Dress of Peasants—Scene from a Russian Opera ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     253

187. A Dressing-room of the Opera-house ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     254

188. Working the Ship in "L'Africaine" ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     255

189. Minin-Pojarsky Monument ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     257

190. Peter's Escape from Assassination ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     258

191. Peter the Great as Executioner ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     260

192. Catherine I ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     261

193. Catherine II ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     263

194. Grand-duke Nicholas Alexandrovitch ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     264

195. Skinned and Stuffed Man ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     266

196. Russian Beggars ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     267

197. Tartar Coffee-house in Southern Russia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     269

198. Gallery in the Palace ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     270

199. Copy of Picture in the Monastery ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     272

200. Window in Church of the Trinity ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     273

201. Pity the Poor ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     274

202. Curious Agate at Troitska ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     275

203. Paper-knife from Troitska—St. Sergius and the Bear ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     276

204. Specimens of Ecclesiastical Painting on Glass ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     277

205. Russian Cooper's Shop and Dwelling ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     278

206. Nijni Novgorod during the Fair ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     280

207. Nijni Novgorod after the Fair ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     281

208. Tartar Merchant ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     282

209. Returning from the Fair ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     283

210. Launching a Russian Barge ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     285

211. Tartar Village near the Volga ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     286

212. Tartar Baker's Shop ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     287

213. A Siberian Village ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     289

214. Petropavlovsk, Kamtchatka.—Mount Avatcha in Background ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     290

215. A Herd of Reindeer ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     291

216. Dog-teams and Reindeer ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     293

217. Light-house at Ghijigha ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     294

218. Ermine-trap ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     295

219. Interior of a Native House ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     295

220. The Reindeer ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     296

221. Fish-market at Nicolayevsk ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     297

222. Scenery on the Amoor. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     298

223. Gilyak' Woman ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     299

224. Gilyak Man ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     299

225. Native Boat—Amoor River ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     300

226. Goldee Children ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     300

227. Visiting a Goldee House at Night ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     301

228. Inauguration of Genghis Khan ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     302

229. Junction of the Argoon and Shilka to form the Amoor ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     303

230. Scene in a Posting Station ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     304

231. A Tarantasse ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     306

232. Changing Horses at a Siberian Station ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     307

233. The Right of Way in Russia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     309

234. Getting out of Difficulty ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     310

235. Valley of the Amoor above Ouk-se-me ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     312

236. Interior of an Exile's Hut ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     314

237. Exiles passing through a Village ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     315

238. A Town built by Exiles ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     317

239. Banished for Five Years ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     318

240. Banished for Three Years ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     318

241. Colonist's Village in Winter ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     319

242. Exiles leaving Moscow ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     321

243. Tagilsk, centre of Iron-mines of Siberia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     322

244. A Siberian Valley ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     323

245. Two Exiled Friends Meeting ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     325

246. Escaping Exiles crossing a Stream ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     326

247. Ivanoff's Cave ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     327

248. Exiles among the Mountains ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     329

249. Siberian Peasants ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     331

250. Siberian Milk-women ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     332

251. Siberia in Summer ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     333

252. An Exile Peasant and his Friends ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     335

253. A Siberian Landscape ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     336

254. Girls Playing at Skakiet ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     337

255. A Village Festival ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     338

256. Russian Peasant Women ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     340

257. Making Calls after a Wedding ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     342

258. Ceremony after a Peasant's Wedding ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     343

259. The Mountains near Chetah ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     345

260. A Bouriat Village ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     346

261. A Wandering Priest ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     347

262. Crossing the Selenga ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     349

263. Finding Lodgings at Kiachta ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     351

264. Chinese Cash from Mai-mai-chin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     352

265. Articles of Russian Manufacture ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     353

266. Scene in a Chinese Temple ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     354

267. Theatre at Mai-mai-chin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     355

268. The Tiger ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     356

269. A Natural Arch on Lake Baikal ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     357

270. Caverns on Lake Baikal ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     358

271. Part of Irkutsk ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     359

272. View of the Principal Square in Irkutsk ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     360

273. Dressed for the Road ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     362

274. Avashok ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     363

275. My Kibitka ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     364

276. Farewell to Irkutsk ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     365

277. Work of the Frost-king ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     367

278. Interior of a Russian Inn ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     369

279. Mail-driver and Guard ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     370

280. Distant View of a Siberian Village ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     371

281. Soldiers in Siberian Ferry-boats ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     373

282. View of Krasnoyarsk from the opposite Bank of the Yenisei ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     374

283. A Dangerous Ride ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     376

284. Beggar at a Siberian Station ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     378

285. Policeman at Krasnoyarsk ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     380

286. Hills near a Siberian River ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     381

287. Jumping an "Oukhaba" ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     382

288. Wolves Attacking a Buffalo ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     384

289. A Siberian Wolf ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     385

290. Summer and Winter in Russia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     386

291. Village on a Russian Estate ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     388

292. A Slight Mishap ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     389

293. Summer View near Barnaool ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     391

294. Attacked by a Tiger ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     393

295. Bearcoots and Wolves ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     394

296. The Steppe in Summer ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     395

297. Specimen of Rock-crystal ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     397

298. Monument at the Boundary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     397

299. Western Slope of the Ural Mountains ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     398

300. Descending a Hill-side Road ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     400

301. Baptizing through the Ice ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     401

302. End of the Sleigh-ride ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     402

303. Offering of the Villagers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     404

304. Shoeing an Ox ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     406

305. Knife-whip ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     407

306. Armenian Bishop of Astrachan ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     408

307. A Tartar Khan ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     409

308. Tartar Postilions ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     410

309. Tartar Palaces in Southern Russia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     411

310. Gypsy Family at Astrachan ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     412

311. An Oil-steamer on the Caspian Sea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     413

312. Tanks at a Storage Depot ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     413

313. View in an Oil Region ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     414

314. Bits for Drilling Wells ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     415

315. A Spouting Well ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     416

316. Derrick and Tanks in the American Oil Region ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     417

317. An Oil Refinery with Tank Cars ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     419

318. Tartar Camel-cart at Baku ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     420

319. Ancient Mound near the Caspian Sea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     421

320. Curious Rock Formations ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     422

321. Modern Fire-worshippers—Parsee Lady and Daughter ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     423

322. A Burning Tank ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     425

323. A Fall in Oil ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     426

324. A Rise in Oil ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     426

325. Camp Scene near the Altai Mountains ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     429

326. A Kalmuck Priest ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     430

327. Scene on the Edge of the Kirghese Steppe ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     431

328. Kirghese Group ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     432

329. Kirghese Chief and Family ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     433

330. Caravan in Russian Territory ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     434

331. Kirghese Raid on a Hostile Tribe ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     436

332. Lasgird—A Fortified Village in Northern Persia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     438

333. Tower of Refuge ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     439

334. Framework of Turcoman Tent ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     440

335. The Tent Covered ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     440

336. Interior of Tent ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     441

337. Vámbéry's Reception by Turcoman Chief on the Caspian Shore ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     442

338. Receiving Payment for Human Heads—Khiva ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     443

339. Turcoman Trophy—A Russian Head ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     445

340. Kökbüri—A Race for a Bride ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     447

341. View of the Citadel of Khiva ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     448

342. An Ozbek Head ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     449

343. Map showing the Relations of Russia and England in the East ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     451

344. Sand-storm in the Desert ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     452

345. Turcoman Court of Justice ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     453

346. Kirghese Tomb ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     454

347. Charge of Russian Cavalry against Turcomans ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     455

348. Russian Army on the Turcoman Steppes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     457

349. Winter Camp in Turcomania ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     459

350. Turcoman Irrigating Wheel ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     460

351. Scene at a Ferry on the Oxus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     461

352. Map of the Russo-Afghan Region ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     462

353. Turcoman Woman Spinning ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     464

354. Village of Turcoman Tents ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     465

355. The New Russo- Afghan Frontier ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     466

356. Old Sarakhs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     468

357. Sarik Turcomau Woman ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     469

358. Pul-i-Khisti and Ak Tapa ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     470

359. Penjdeh ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     471

360. Colonel Alikhanoff ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     472

361. The Great Highway of Central Asia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     473

362. Turcoman Farm-yard ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     475

363. Map of Turkestan, showing Route of Trans-Caspian Railway ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     476

364. Crossing a River in Central Asia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     478

365. A Native Traveller ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     479

366. Looking down on the Steppe ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     481

367. View of Tiflis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     483

368. The Pass of Dariel, Caucasus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     485

369. Governor-general of the Caucasus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     486

370. Ruined Fortress in the Caucasus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     487

371. Ruined Church near Batoum ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     488

372. Quarantine Harbor, Trebizond ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     489

373. View of Erzeroom ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     490

374. Turkish Authority ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     492

375. View of Sebastopol ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     495

376. Ruins of the Malakoff, Sebastopol ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     496

377. Russian Carpenters at Work ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     498

378. Cossacks and Chasseurs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     499

379. British Soldiers in Camp ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     501

380. Alfred Tennyson ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     502

381. A Broken Tarantasse ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     503

382. The Bosporus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     504

383. Map to accompany the Boy Travellers in the Russian Empire ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     Front Cover.

384. Map showing the Russian Empire Routes as Described by the Boy Travellers. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     Back Cover.